Forward

A demonstration of development by both style and by function, style being a matter of architectural history, function being a social history.

 

Introduction

Function of Buildings

before 19th century: mostly churches, castles; palaces, a few townhalls, theatres; few hospital, library

Styles of Palaces

1.      Classicism(Grecian): Oslo, Norway, 1824-48; Athens, Greece, 1834-38

2.      Neo-Italian Renaissance: Konigsbau, 1826-35; Festssalbau, 1832-42

Trentham Park, 1833-42; Isle of Wight, 1845-49

3.      Scottish Baronial: Balmoral, 1853-55

4.      Neo French Renaissance: Lourve, 1853

5.      Greek Revival: King of Greece, 1834; princess of Russia, 1838 (Karl Schinkel)

6.      Neo-Gothic: Pierrefonds, 1858-79 (Viollet-le-Duc)

7.      Neo-Baroque: Neuschwantein, 1868-86, Herrenchiensee, 1878-86

Two intentions of the book:

1. to watch for each type the order in which styles follow one another

2. to follow changes in function and changes in planning

 

2.  12¥@¬ö±ß´Á¦Ü17¥@¬ö±ß´Á¶¡ªº¬F©²«Ø¿v

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2.2

Palazzo del Broletto at Como,1215

Extension of markets

Town hall and law court

An open ground floor with arcades and one large room above

2.3

2.4

Palazzo Pubblico ,Sienna,1298-1348

Palazzo Veccio,Florence, 1299-1314

 

Town hall and law court More specialized offices (market is spitting off)

Two halls, one on top of the other

Lower hall is closed

Fortress like facades

2.6

2.7

Thorne Town Hall ,Toran, Poland,1250-1603

 

 

Shops, market hall

Town hall, council room

Chancellery room

law courts(upper floor)

German town halls are often irregularly

shaped

Lower and upper arcade along the front

A gable for every bay above the tracery

2.8

Middelburg Town Hall, Holland, 1506

Guild is spitting off

Town hall and law court

Gothic in style

2.9

Rouen, Palais de Justice, 1499-1543

France

Law court

Early Renaissance

2.10

Design for a town center, 1460

(Filarette)

Town hall, treasury,

Prison, guilds, chapel

Cluster of buildings, axial orientation

2.11

Design for a civic office, 1480

(Giorgio)

Town hall, custom house

Prison, warehouse, shops

Offices

Cluster of buildings, axial orientation

2.1

Uffizi, Florence, 1560-71(Vasari)

Conservatori, Sriptori,

Auienza, Chancellery

The earliest office building

2.12

 

Antwerp town hall, 1561-65

Civil offices, City Council

Court of Justice,

Pulic Prosecutor

Grandeur in size, monumentality

2.13

2.14

Rennes, Palais de Justice, 1618-26

Civil offices, City Council Court of justice,

Prisons visitors room

Broque

2.15

2.16

2.17

Amsterdam town hall, 1648-55

(Jacob van Campen)

Civil offices, great hall

Court of justice, prisons

Treasury

Bankruptcy office

Banks

Grandeur in size, monumentality

 

 

3. ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤§«áªº¬F©²«Ø¿v ¡V °ê·|¤j·H

 

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3.1

3.2

Irish Parliament

(Bank of Ireland)

1729

Edward Lovett Pearce

 

­^°ê1660-1710

Baroque-Wren,Vanbrugh

(Rubens)(Loius XIII)1660-1710

¦ÛµM¬ü(´X¦ó)/²ßºD¬ü(·P©x)

1671 Blondel-³]­p/Àç³y¤ÀÂ÷

 

­^°ê 1620-1660, 1710-1800

Palladian Classicism--Jones, Webb

Cambell, Burlington, Kent

¥j¥NªºÂ²¼ä¤Î«Ø¿v­Û²z,¤Ï¸Ë¹¢

 

­^°ê 1800-1900

Neo-classicism, Neo-baroque,

Neo-gothic

Chambers, Soane, Barry

Palladian

tetrastyle porticowith pediment

¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð

Low Pantheon domes§C¶ê«ý³»

3.3

3.4

British Parliament

1732

William Kent

 

Palladian

Roman Baths

Giant orders¤j¬W¦¡

Low Pantheon domes§C¶ê«ý³»

Venetian window «Â¥§´µµ¡

3.5

Capital of Virginia

1785

Thomas Jefferson

Samuel Dobie

 

Palladian

Deep hexastyle portico¤»¬W¦¡²`ªù´Y unfluted ionic columns

3.6

3.7

Capital of U.S.A.

1792

Samuel Dobie

 

English

Classicism

Octastyle portico¤K¬W¦¡ªù´Y

Low Pantheon domes§C¶ê«ý³»

3.8

3.9

3.10

Capital of U.S.A.

1792

William Thorton

Etienne-Sulpice Hallet

 

 

French

Neo-Classicism

 

Ecole de Medicine by Gondoin

Giant portico with eight columns

¥¨«¬¤K¬W¦¡ªù´Y

Big/small rotunda

Elliptical colonnade

Semicircular room with coffered dome

3.11

3.12

Capital of U.S.A.

1803

Benjamin Latrobe

 

Greek Revival

Doric portico ¦h¥ß§J¬W¦¡ªù´Y

Upper Loggia ¤G¼Ó«e´Y

3.13

3.16

Capital of U.S.A.

1850

Thomas Walter

 

Grecian

Romanesque

 

St. Issac¡¦s Cathedral, St.

Pertersburg

Ironed domeűÅK¤j¶ê³»

Giant Colonnade

3.17

3.18

3.19

Shire Hall, Chester

 1788-1822

Hereford, Shire Hall

Thomas Harrison

 

Robert Smirke(British Museum)

Grecian

Piranesi

French

Gondoin type room

Unfluted Doric columns with

pediment

3.20

3.21

Palais Bourbon

1828-33

Façade by Bernard Poyet

Interior by Jules de Joly

French

Classicism

Grandeur architectural rhetoric

Gondoin type room

3.23

-25

House of Parliament

London,1860

Charles Barry-plans

A.W.N. Pugin-details

Elizabethan

Neo-Gothic

Jacob Burckhardt

3.26

House of Parliament

Ottwa,1859

Fuller and Jones

Neo-Gothic

 

3.27

House of Parliament

Berne,1852

Friedrich Studer

Calssical,

Florentine

James Fergusson

3.33

Parliament Bldg.

Brasilica,1958

Oscar Neimeyer

International

Modernism

Expressionism , abstract form

Saucer and inverted saucer

 

 

 

 

4. ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤§«áªº¬F©²«Ø¿v ¡V¬F©²¿ì¤½«Ç

 

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4.1

Design for the Treasury

1734

William Kent

 

Burlintonian

Palladian

Quattrocento

tetrastyle porticowith pediment

¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð

rusticated façade ²Ê¬ä¥Ûªk

4.2

4.4

Somerset House

1776

William Chambers

(idea of William Burke)

 

Jonesian

Palladian

Queen¡¦s gallery

tetrastyle porticowith pediment

¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð

Piranesian rusticated arch

4.3

Treasury

1845-47

Charles Barry

 

Gothic and

Classical

Giant orders¤j¬W¦¡

Spires ¦y¶ð

4.5

Foreign Office

1868-73

George Gilbert Scott

 

Gothic and

Classical

rusticated façade ²Ê¬ä¥Ûªk

Spires ¦y¶ð

4.6

New Government Office1898-1912

J.M.Brydon

 

Classical

tetrastyle porticowith pediment

¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð

rusticated façade ²Ê¬ä¥Ûªk

Giant orders¤j¬W¦¡

4.7

Ministry de Affairs, 1845-56

Larconee

 

Classical

Two tired of attached columns carrying entablatures

¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î³»½u½L

4.8

 

Lourve,1852

 

Visconti

Lefuel

French

Renaissance

Two tired of attached columns with arched windows¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î«ýµ¡

4.9

Treasury, Washington.D.C. 1836-69

Robert Mills

Classical

Endless Giant orders¤j¬W¦¡

 

4.10

Old Executive Office Building Washington. D.C. 1871-88

A.B.Mullet

French

Renaissance

Two tired of attached columns carrying entablatures and pediment

¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î³»½u½L¤Î¤sÀð

Pavilioned roof with domers ±×«Î³»¤Î¦Ñªêµ¡

4.12

Old Executive Office Building Washington. D.C. 1871-88

 

A.B.Mullet

French

Renaissance

Two tired of attached columns carrying entablatures and pediment

¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î³»½u½L¤Î¤sÀð

Pavilioned roof with domers ±×«Î³»¤Î¦Ñªêµ¡

15.47

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.12

World¡¦s Columbian

Exhibition, Chicago

1893

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rayburn House, 1957-63

Peabody and Stearns

¬ü°ê´_¥j¹B°Ê

(Law library, Columbia U

Pennsylvania. Station

Dept. of Agriculture

Bureau of Engraving

Internal Revenue

Dept. of Commerce

Dept. of Labor

Dept. of Justice

Federal Trade Commision

National Archives)

HHLH

Gothic

Grecian

Industrial

tetrastyle porticowith pediment

¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð

Spires ¦y¶ð, ¶ê§Î¿û¬[

16.34

16.35

Carson Store, Chicago

1899-1904

Wertheim , Berlin

1896-1904

Louis Sullvan

 

Messel

Neo-classical

Industrial

Free grouping, ,undelivered blocks

Absence of moldings, grid pattern

Narrow vertical window strips

4.15

 

4.13

James Forretal Building Wachington D.C.1969

600-800 Independence Ave. D.C. 1963

Curtis and Davis

 

Holabrid, Root and Burges

International Modernism

Chunky Concrete

 

 

 

 

 

. 5. ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤§«áªº¬F©²«Ø¿v ¡Vªk°|

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5.2

Court of Chancery

1821-25

John Soane

 

Classical

 

 

5.1

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

Palais de Justice, 1835

Palais Municipal, 1792

Law Courts

Law Courts,1809

Law Courts, 1782

Baltard

Bollee

Bollee

Durand

Bernard

Romantic Classicism

(remorseful)

 

Corinthian columns, Beaux Arts attic

Megalomaniac scale

Separation of Styles and plans

 

5.7

 

Birminham Town Hall, 1832

Hansom

Grecian

Roman

Peripteral temple and rusticated base

 

5.8

 

St George¡¦s Hall, Liverpool, 1840

Elmes

Grecian

Roman

Peripteral temple and rusticated base

 

5.9

 

Leed¡¦s Town Hall, 1853-58

Cuthbert Brodrick

Broque

Wrenaissance

(Chris Wren)

Grandeur

Attest the opulence of the commercial cities of Italy and Flanders

5.10

1.19

1.20

Palais de Justice, Paris, 1857-68

Kelheim, Hall of Liberation,

L.J.Duc

 

Leo von Klenze

Broque

 

Classical

Heavy attic, segmental arches

Attached giant columns

¡§madness¡¨-Burckhardt

5.11

 

Hotel de Ville,1837-46, Paris

Godde and Lesueur

French

Renaissance

Pavilioned roof with domers ±×«Î³»¤Î¦Ñªêµ¡

5.12

Manchester Town Hall

And Assize Courts 1868-77

Alfred Waterhouse

Gothic

Deep moldings, spires

5.13

Manchester Town Hall

And Assize Courts

1868-77

Alfred Waterhouse

Gothic

Deep moldings, spires

5.17

Vienna, Rathaus

1868-77

Friedrich von Schmidt

Gothic

Geometric plan and regulated moldings

5.15

London Law Courts

1868-77

G.E.Street

Gothic

Strand façade and spectacular salle

5.14

5.16

London Law Courts

1868

George Gilbert Scott

Willaim Burges

Gothic-symmetrical

 

Gothic-asymmetrical

Burges plan-Creates an aentrancing drama-Summerson

High mark of Gothic Revival-Schuyler

5.18

5.19

Palaisde Justice, Brussels

1868-83

Joseph Poelaert

Neo-Baroque,Neo-gothic and Victorian in England

Colossus , monstrous and madness

Towel of Babel+ Michelangelo+ Piranesi

5.20

Pallazo di Giustizia

1886-1910

G. Calderini

Neo-Baroque

fussy

5.21

Leipzig Supreme Court

1887-95

Ludwig von Hoffman

Against Baroque

restrained

5.24

Copenhagen Town Hall

1892-1905

Martin Nyrop

Dutch and Scandinavian

Quiet façade and a high,freely shaped tower

5.22

Stockholm City Hall

1909-23

Rangar Osterburg

Northern

Renaissance

Doge¡¦s Palace

Spiky decorative motif

5.23

Design for the admin.center,1917

Tony Garnier

Modernism

Projecting concrete canopy

5.25

Hilversum Town Tower,1928-30

Marinus Dudok

Internaltional Modernism

Frank Lloyd Wright

Grouping of unrelieved blocks, absence of moldings

5.26

Ottawa City Hall,1956-58

Vincent Rother

International

Modernism

Maximun performance with maximum thickness of material

5.27

Law Courts, Chandigrah,1950-57

Le Corbusier

Expressional

Modernism

Cyclopean in masses

Aggressive and overpowering

5.28

Boston City Hall,1962-69

Kallmanm McKinnell, Knowels

Expressional

Modernism

Arbitary in motifs

Oppressively top heavy,

Forbidding rather than inviting

Moneo, Rafael. ¡§On Typology¡¨ in Oppositions 13,Summer 1978.pp.22-45

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(4)   Gestalt-¤º¦b§Î¦¡¡B´X¦ó«¬¦¡¡G¦V¤ß(centrality)¡B½u©Ê(linearily)¡BÁL¸s(clusters)¡B¤è®æ(grids)¡C

«¬¦¡¿ï¾Ü¦Ò¼{¦]¯À:¨ã¦³¼h¦¸©Ê¡A±qªÀ¸g±ø¥ó¦ÜÀç«Ø§÷®Æ¡C

(5)   ¹L¤À±j½Õ´X¦ó-«Ø¿v¬O©â¶H´X¦Xªº²Õ¦X¡A»P²{¹êªÀ·|²æ¸`¡C«Ø¿vÃþ«¬»Ý±q¾ú¥v¤¤´M§ä©â¶H´X¦X¡A¨Ã»P·í¥NªÀ·|Àô¹Òµ²¦X¡A²£¥Í·sªºÃþ«¬¡C«Ø¿v­ÓÅé»P»Ý»P«°¥«¾ãÅéÀô¸g¹Òµ²¦X¡C¨Ò:dome and latern¡C

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   «Ø¿v¦¨¬°model(¨ã¹³§Ûŧ)¡A¦Ó«Dtype¡C

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(4)   «Ø¿vÃþ«¬µLªk¥H©w¸q­«·s¥]¸Ë¡A ¦ý«Ø¿vÃþ«¬¾Ç¤´¦³·N¸q¡C«Ø¿vÃþ«¬¾Ç¨Ï¤H¤F¸Ñ«Ø¿vµLªk»P¾ú¥v¤Î°ò¦a²[ºc¤ÀÂ÷¡C«Ø¿vÃþ«¬¾Ç»Ý»P·s®ÉªÅ±¡¹Òµ²¦X¡C¾ãÅéµ²¦X«á·|²£¥Í·sªº«¬¦¡µ²ºc (formal structure)¡A¦¨¬°·sªº«Ø¿vÃþ«¬¡C

 

Dunster, David. ¡§¡¨Madrid, Moneo and Type: An Introduction to the Arguments for Typology¡¨ In UIA Issue 2, 1983, pp.8-9

(1) Moneo: ¦^ÂkQuatremere¥D±i-«Ø¿v­ì«¬-´M§ä¥D­n¥Øªº¤ÎÁô¿Ù·N¸q¡C´M§ä§Î¦¡µ²ºc¡¨¨Ã«DªÅ¶¡²Õ´©ÎÃþ¦ü«Ø¿v¡A¦Ó¬O«Ø¿vªº¤º¦b§Î¦¡¡C

Quatremere¡G Model is an object repeated, Type is an object conceived by artists without resemblance. The principal occupation of science and philosophy is to discover their origin and primitive use.

(2)«Ø¿vÃþ«¬ªºÂà¤Æ(tranxformation):

¨C¤@®ÉªÅ±¡¹Ò¡A¨ä«Ø¿vÃþ«¬¦ÛµM¤£¦P¡C«Ø¿v®vÀ³¥ý±q¾ú¥v¤¸¯À¤¤§ä´M¡A¦A¨Ì·í®É·í¦aª¬ªp½Õ¾ã

Durand¹ï¾ú¥v¤¸¯Àªº¤Þ¥Î¡AÁöµM¶È¬°model¦æ¬°¡A¦ý¨ä¤èªk­È±o°Ñ¦Ò¡C

(2)   20¥@¬öªº«Ø¿vÃþ«¬¬ã¨s

20¥@¬öªì¡A²{¥N¹B°ÊªÌ±N«ØÃþ«¬µø¬°¤u·~­ì«¬¡A§@¬°¶q²£ªº¼Ò«¬¡C¤G¾Ô«á¼Ú¬w«°¥«ªº­««Øªº¥¢±Ñ¾É­P¸q¤j§Q«°¥«¬ã¨s¿³°_¡CArganµ²¦XQuatremereªº­ì«¬½×¤Î²{¥N¹B°Êªº§ÎÀH¾÷¯à³]­p½×¡C

Rossi±Ã²æ¾÷¯à»P§Î¦¡¥]µö¡A±q¾ú¥v¤¤´M§äªÅ¶¡¤¸¯À-corridor¡CRossi ±q±Ò»X®É´Á«Ø¿v¤¤§ä¤¸¯À¡A¦^Âk·í®Éªº²z©Ê«ä¼é¡A§¹¥þ¤Ï¹ï²{¥N°Ó·~ªÀ·|¡C¦ý©¿²¤«Ø¿v­ì«¬ªº¹ê¥Î·§©À¨Ï¥L¤£ÅU«Ø¿v¾÷¯à¡A

¤Ï¹ï²{¥N°Ó·~ªÀ·|ªº§@ªk¨Ï«Ø¿vª«µLªk»P·í¥N¨Ï¥ÎªÌ·¾³q¡C Venturi-«Ø¿vÃþ«¬=·N¹³¡A¦ý¯Ê¥F¤º¦b«¬¦¡µ²ºc¡C

(3)   Ãþ«¬¾Çªº¥¼¨Ó:¤TºØÃþ«¬¾Ç

1. Quatremere, Moneo, Rossi ¡V original myth and metaphoric importance of their labor

2. Pevsner, Durand, Colquohun- function, prototype

3. Steven Holl- site and vernacular, stereotype

Hospitals

 

FUNCTION

PLANNING

STYLE

I

¤¤

¥@

¬ö

9TH C-

14TH C.

 

l           ³Ì¦­°O¿ý¡G±Ð·|¡A¶°¦¬®e¤§®a¡Bö¯¸¡BÂå°|¡BÀø¾i°|µ¥¥\¯à©ó¤@¨­¡A¹ï¶H¡G½a¤H,´Â¸tªÌ,®È¤H,¥¥°ü,©t¨à,´Ý¼o

±Ð·|¡G¼¦¼§Æ[Ãh¤§®a, BISHOP CHRODEGANG¡B

¬d²z°Ò¤j«Ò(CHARLEMAGNE 742-814)¤§CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE,789 AD.

¤Q¤@©^Äm¡G816 SYNOD OF AACHEN

ABBEY OF ST GALL-829 AD.

l           ºÞ²z¡G±Ð·|¤Î¥S§Ì·|(·Oµ½¹ÎÅé) BENEDICTINE

AUGSTINIAN-SOCIAL WORK-LALARITES¡BANTONITES¡BTHE HOLY SPIRIT

¤Q¦r­x(ST JOHN OF JERUSALEM)

l           ¾÷¯àºtÅÜ¡G¥Ñ²¤JÁc¡G         

ª¼¤HFOR THE BLIND¡GQUINZE-VINGTS ¡BöªÌFOR THE TRAVELLERS¡GTRINITE¡B³ÂºÆFOR LEPERS¡GTHE MALADREDIE DU TORTOIR¡BFOR ORPHANS¡GTHE  ST. ESPRIT¡B ºë¯«¯f°|SEPERATION OF THE SICK AND THE INSANE

l           ¯f§É¤Ö451BEDSÂå°|¤£¤À¬ì¡B¦º¤`²v·¥°ª50%AND MORE

l           AILSED INFIRMARY¡G

©v±Ð¬°¥D¡A¯fªÌ¥i¬Ý¨ì¯«¾Â-¤ßÆF°·±d¤ñ¨­Åé°·±d§ó­«­n

 

l           COURTYARD

KUES ALMSHOUSE AND CHAPEL

l           ROMAN

l           GOTHIC

 

II

¤å

ÃÀ

´_

¿³

15TH C-

16TH C.

l           ¶}©lª`­«Âå°|¾÷¯à»P½Ã¥Í¡B¨k¤k¯f¤H¤À¶}

S. MARIA NUOVA, FLORENCE¡B

OSPEDALE MAGGIORE, MILAN-BY FILARETE ¡VFIG.9.10 9.11

SANTO SPIRITO IN SASSIA, ROME-DOME BY PALLADIO-FIG.9.12

ST JOHN AT VALLETTA ON MALTA

HOSPITAL SAVOY, ENGLAND

HOSPITAL REAL IN GRANADA, SPAIN-FIG 9.13-14

HOSPITAL DE LA SANTA CRUZ AT TOLEDO, SPAIN

HOSPITAL DES INCURABLES, PARIS-DOUBLE CROSS

l           C RUCIFORM

¤Q¦r¥­­±¡A¤¤®x¡A¯«¾Â(±Ð°ó)©~¤¤

l           ªì´Á½Ã¥Í¤ÎÁô

¨pÆ[©À¡G¤@¼Ó¤¤®x°j´Y,«ý³»¦³¤ôºÞ¡A´Z©Ò¡A¦çÂd¡A

l           TUSCAN RENAISSANCE

l           ITALIAN

QUATTROCENTO

 

IV

17TH C-

18TH C

19TH. °_

»X

¤Î

ªñ

¥N

 

 

17TH C

l           INCURABLES(ºë¯«¯f±w¡B¥Ç¤H¡Bª¼¤H¡B´¼»Ù¡BÅõºÈªÌµ¥)

HOTEL DES INVALIDES, BICETRE¡AHOTEL DIEU (HORRIBLE)

l           ¤ñ³W¼ÒHOTEL DES INVALIDES, PARIS BY BRUANTM FIG 9.18

ROYAL NAVAL HOSPITAL, GREENWICH, BY CRIS WREN, FIG 9.21

l           ·Oµ½®½´Ú-³W¼Ò¤p

18TH C

l           ENGLAND-«Ø¥ß¤j¶q±M¬ìÂå°|¤Î¦¬®e©Ò¡A

1750-   Âå¯f¤è¦¡¤´¤Q¤À´Ý§Ô¡AÂå°|¶}©l¤ÀÃþ-°ü²£¬ì¡Bºë¯«¯fµ¥¡F¦¬®e©Ò«hµL©úÅã¤ÀÃþ

l           ¦¬®e©Ò¤ÎºÊº»-´Ý§ÔºÞ²z¡B½Ã¥Í·¥®t¡B¦º¤`²v12.5%-25%

HOTEL DIEU, PARIS,

FIRE IN 1722¡APAVILLION PLAN, RADIAL PLAN, PRIZON PLAN

l           TENON-MEMORIES ON HOSPITALS,1788,

¬ì¾Ç¼Æ¾Ú, ±j½Õ¤ÀÃþ¡B¶}¤M©Ð¡B¯f©Ð¡BPAVILLION PLAN

19TH C

l           NIGHTINGALE-³q­·,±N§C·P¬V²v

HOSPITAL LARIBOISIERE BY GAUTHIER 1839-54, 905BEDS

ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL AT NETLEY, 1856-63

STEINHOFF ASYLUM, VIENNA, WAGNER

l           RADIAL

©ñ®g«¬

DESGOTES,LATE 17TH C

STURM, 1820

l           ¤¤¥¡«ý³»³q­·

¯f§É¶¡¦³´Z©Ò, 1525 BEDS

l           PAVILLION

¤À´É¦¡Âå°|-³q­·

WREN,1702

ROWEHEAD, 1756

LE ROY, 1773

GAUTHIER, 1756

l           ªk°ê-¶°¤¤¦¡

´X¦X«¬¡B¥j¨å¦¡

l           ­^°ê-¤À´²¦¡

¦ÛµM§Î¡A­«¾÷¯à

l           ASYLUMS-¦¬®e

©Ò,¨|¥®°|CRUCIFORM PLAN, 19TH C«á±Ä¥ÎPAVILLION, ¤À´²¤Æ¡B

­¥°Ï¤Æ

 

l           GEORGIAN

COUNTRY HOUSE

l           BAROQUE

l           NEO CLASSICAL

l           GRECAIN

 

III

²{¥N

20TH C-

 

l           PASTEUR/ LISTERµo²{²Óµß¡A§Ü¥Í¯À¤Î®ø¬rªk,1870S¡A³Â¾K1846¡A³q­·¤£¦A­«­n¡C

l           COBLUMBIA PRESBYTERAIN MC,1499 BEDS¡A

CORNELL MC,1451 BEDS¡A27 STORY,1933

l           WAIBLINGEN, SANATORIUM FOR TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS, 1926

SET BACK TERRACES ON SOUTH SIDE

l           CENTRALIZED

¤¤¥¡¦¡-ÂåÀø®Ä²v¡A¸`¬Ù¦¨¥»¡A·P¬V±±¨î

l           «æ¶E¡Bªù¶E¡B¯f©Ð¡B¶}¤M¡B¨ÑÀ³¡B¦Ãª«

l           ¤H©Ê¤Æ¡BÀç¹B¤Æ¡B°Ó«~¤Æ¡B±M¬ì¤Æ

l           MODERN

l           POSTMODERN

PRISONS

 

FUNCTION

PLANNING

STYLE

I

¤¤¤å

¥@ÃÀ

¬ö´_

  ¿³

11TH C-

16TH C.

l           ³Ì¦­°O¿ý¡G

±Ð·|¡ACLUNNIAC, 11TH C

CISTERACIAN, 1206¡GPRISON IN THE ABBEY

¥«¬FÆU-SECULAR PRISONS

l           ¤åÄm¡GJOHN HOWARD

THE STATE OF PRISONS, 1977; APPENDIX, 1788

AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL LAZARETTOS, 1789

¦D©Ð¡B¦a³Ò¤Î»Åªk: SAMUEL ROMILY(¤HÅv¥D¸qªÌ)

l           FILARETE, 1460¡A½Ã¥ÍÆ[©À¡B¨k¤k¡Bªì¥Ç§Y­«¥ÇªÌ¤À¶}¡AFONTANA, ªì¥ÇªÌ¡A¦³¿W¥ß´Z©Ò

l           ROUND

TOWERS WITH RADIAL CELLS

 

¤j©Ð¶¡¡B¤Ö¼Æ¦³¿W¥ß¥}«Ç(CELLS)

 

 

 

II

°_

»X

¤Î

ªñ

¥N

17TH C-

19TH C.

 

l           GHENT, RADIAL PLAN

MAISON DE FORCE AT ACKERGHEM, 1772¡A¨üDESGODTESR, STURM ¼vÅT

l           HOWARD:³æ¿W¥}¶¡¥H§ïµ½½Ã¥Í¤Î¤HÅv

DANCE: NEWGATE PRISON¡A¨üROMANO,PALLADIO ¼vÅT¡A¬üÆ[¦ý¤£¹ê¥Î(MILIZIA:ORDER AND HYGINE)¡ALE DOUX: AIX

 

l           PERIPHERY BENTHAM: PANOPTICON PRISON(¤Ö¼Æ)

BENTHAM AND BUNCE: WORKOUSE(¾÷¯à¥D¸q), 1797

JEFFORSON: VIRGINIA PRISON, SINGLE CELL(¿W©~), 1797

SOANE: DESIGN FOR A WOMEN¡¦S PRISON, 1782

l           RADIAL:GHENT

FILARETE¡GOSPEDALE MAGGIORE(¤j¦h¼Æ)

HARDWICK: MILLBANK PRISON, LONDON, 1813

HERRMAN: SECOND MOABIT PRISON, BERLIN, 1869

LEBAS: LA PETITE ROQUETTE PRISON, PARIS, 1826

VAUDREMER: LA SANTE PRISON, PRAIS, 1862

¬ü°ê

l           ¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¤À¶}

AUBURN PRISON¡FSING SING PRISON

l           ¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¦X¨Ö(19TH C ºÊº»¼Ð·Ç«¬)

JOHN HAVILAND¡GEASTERN PENITENTIARY, CHESTNUT HILL

l           PAVILLIONWITH TELEPHONE POLE(20TH CºÊº»)

BLOUET: METTRAY PRISON, 1839

POSSIN: FRESNES PRISON, 1898

l           RADIAL

©ñ®g«¬

l           PERIPHERY

¶gÃ䫬

 

¬ü°ê-¿W¥}¦³§U©ó¤Ï¬Ù

l           ¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¤À¶}

¥}©ÐµLµ¡,¤¤¥¡¬DªÅ¨«¹D¡B«Î³»±Ä¥ú

l           ¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¦X¨Ö

¨C¶¡¥}«Ç¦³§N¼ö¤ô

 

 

DICKENS-WORSE THAN BASTILLE(SUNNY GARDEN)

l           PAVILLION

WITH TELEPHONE POLE

 

l           GOTHIC

EASTERN PENITENTIARY

PRISON

l           EGYPTIAN

AND ROMAN

 

DICKENS-DIMAL FRONTED PILES OF BASTARD

EGYPTIAN

 

III

²{¥N

20TH C-

 

l           PASTEUR/ LISTERµo²{²Óµß¡A§Ü¥Í¯À¤Î®ø¬rªk,1870S¡A³Â¾K1846¡A³q­·¤£¦A­«­n¡C

l           COBLUMBIA PRESBYTERAIN MC,1499 BEDS¡A

CORNELL MC,1451 BEDS¡A27 STORY,1933

l           WAIBLINGEN, SANATORIUM FOR TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS, 1926

SET BACK TERRACES ON SOUTH SIDE

l           CENTRALIZED

¤¤¥¡¦¡-ÂåÀø®Ä²v¡A¸`¬Ù¦¨¥»¡A·P¬V±±¨î

l           «æ¶E¡Bªù¶E¡B¯f©Ð¡B¶}¤M¡B¨ÑÀ³¡B¦Ãª«

l           ¤H©Ê¤Æ¡BÀç¹B¤Æ¡B°Ó«~¤Æ¡B±M¬ì¤Æ

l           MODERN

l           POST

MODERN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forward ¥»®Ñ¤T¤j¥D¶b;¾÷¯à(ªÀ·|¥v)¡B­·®æ(«Ø¿v¥v)¡B³]­p¤ÎÀç³y¥v

Railway Stations  1830-1950 ¹ê¥Î©Ê«Ø¿vª«,¨®¯¸¾÷¯à¤£ÅÜ,¦ý­·®æ«ùÄò§ïÅÜ  

FUNCTION

PLANNING

STYLE

ÅK¸ô:¥H¾÷¾¹¦b©T©w­y¹D¤W¸ü¹B¤H»P³f (VS. ¤½¸ô¡B¯èªÅ¡B¯è®ü)

ÅK¸ô: 16TH C. ¡A¼w°ê ¡AÄq¨®¦b¤ìªO¤W¹B°eÄq¥Û

16TH ¡V18th C. ¡A­^°ê ¡AÄq¨®¦b¤ì/ÅK­y¤W¹B°eÄq¥Û

      1803, (°¨¨®¨®ÀY)¤½¦@³f¹BÅK¸ô¡B1807, (°¨¨®¨®ÀY)¤½¦@«È¹BÅK¸ô

      1801-1825 (»]®ð¾÷¤õ¨®ÀY) ÅK¸ô¸ÕÅç´ÁRichard Trevithick

1825 George Stephenson ³f¹BÅK¸ôStockton-Darlington

1830 George Stephenson «È¹BÅK¸ô Liverpool-Manchester¡§Rocket¡¨

1850¡A2000 MILES IN ENGLAND¡A1830°_¡A¼vÅT¹M¤Î­^°ê¥H¥~, America 1829¡BRussia 1837,Germany 1835

Sleeping Cars-USA 1865,Underground Railways-London 1863¡AInternational Railways- Oriental Express, 1888¡A¹q°Ê¨®ÀY Siemens & Halske, 1879, Baltimore-Ohio Railroad, 1895

(14.2 ) Crown  St. Station, Liverpool,

Liverpool-Manchester Railroad, 1830 

Cambridge Station, Oxford Station, Nine Elms, London

¨®¯¸­ì«¬:

ÅK¹D®Ç¤G¼Ó²©ö¨®¯¸,¤ë¥x¤W¦³¤ì»s¾B«B´×

Utilitarian

Á{®É©Ê«Ø¿v

(14.1) Euston Propylaea, Philip Hardwick

London 1835-39 London-Brimingham Railroad

(14.3) Monkwearmouth Station, Brimingham, John Dobson,1848

(14.4) Chester general Station, Francis Thompson, 1847-48

(14.8) London Bridge Station,   Henry Roberts, 1844-45

(14.8) London Bridge Station, Henry Roberts, 1844-45

      Munich Station

Providence Station, Rhode Island

 

 

 

New Castle

¥þ³¡¤ë¥x¦³«B´×

Grecian-monumental

propylae¯«¼q¤J¤fDoric

·s¥@¥N¡A­«­n¤½¦@«Ø¿vª«

Classical

Classical

Italianate, campanile

Early Christian, Italian Romanesque

Bavarian

Later 19th c.

(14.5,6) New Castle Station, John Dobson, 1846-55

(14.13) Eastern Station, Budapest Station 1881-84

(14.19) Zurich Station, 1865-71 -

 

Cinquecento ­^°ê«n³¡¤­­Ó´ä¥«

 

Cinquecento+Baroque

Later 19th c.

(14.7)New Market Station,1848

(14.20) First Grand Central Station, New York

(14.18) Armstel Station, Armsterdam, 1881-89, Cuijpers

(14.21) Central Station, Milan, 1925-31,

 

 

 

Pavilion roof

Baroque19th «á¥b¸­¨®¯¸«Ø¿v¥D­n­·®æ

French renaissance

French renaissance

Neo Baroque ( Emergence of Modernism)

(14.15) Brunswick Station, 1838

(14.15) Temple Meads Station, Bristol, 1839-40

(14.15) St.Pancras Station, London, 186960-69

 

 

l           Gothic

St.Pancras: largest span for train shed,

(14.10) Leipzig Station 1840-44

(14.11) Gare de l¡¦Est, Paris 1847-52, Duquesney

(14.12) Kings Cross Station, 1851-52, Cubitt

(14.14) Gare du  Nord, Paris, Hittorff 1861-65

 

Lunette /Arcade

Windows at end of vaulted train shed

Clock ¨®¯¸»P¤ë¥x¦X¤@

King¡¦s Cross:Fitness for its purpose and characteristic expression of that purpose

Gare du Nord: Beaux Arts ¡V ¡§a scandal¡¨, Burkehardt,

Freaks¡G Short¡A Egyptian ¡FSylva¡A Seville Station¡AMoorish

(14.9) New Heaven Station, Henry Austin, 1848-50

 

Egyptian/Chinese/Moorish

(13.18) Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Richardson

(14.23) Union Station, St. Louis, Link and Cameron

Grand Central Chicago, Gilbert

(14.22) Union Station, Washington D.C., Burnham

       Grand Central II/Pennsylvania Station, New York

 

Concourse vs. train shed

¨®¯¸»P¤ë¥x¤ÀÂ÷

19th¬ü°ê¤½¦@«Ø¿v­·®æ

l           Near Romanesque

l           Classical Revival

(14.24) Karlsruhe Station, 1906-13

(14.25) Leipzig Hauptbahnhof, 1906-15

(14.27) Helsinki Station, Saarinen

(14.26) Basel, Badischer Bahnhof, 1912-13

(14.28) Florence Station,Italy, 1934-36

(14.29) Stazione Termini, Rome 1951

Broken Gable

Cantilevered RC

Vienna Sucession

 

 

Double curved roof

Modernism

 

 

 

FACTORIES

FUNCTION

PLANNING

STYLE

¤u¼t:¥H¾÷¾¹¤j¶q»s³y¤u·~¤Æ²£«~ªº¤j«¬«Ø¿vª«

Manu: ¤â¤u Factor¡G³f«~¥æ©ö³B¡A¨Ñ¦í°ÓÀxÂ䧥ΡC

Fondaco, Filarete, design for a market, 1460

a wharehouse, a wholesale market and living accommodation

¦L¨ê¼t¡ANuremburg¡A1493,©v±Ð§ï­²¡C Antwerp¡A1550-1600, 100 workers¡C

Tapistry makers ¬Ó®a´ÀAµeGobelins-Henri IV¡AColvert-Louis XIV, 1667

Porcelin workers°ê®a³³²¡¼t¡C

l           §Î¦¡¡G¨p¤H¤u¼t¡A¹ê¥Î¥D¸q¬°¥D¡A·¥¤Ö¾ú¥v­·­²¡AUtilitarian¡AClock and cupola

Blondel¡A1771¡A simple and solid, and proud, in the periphery of a town by a river¡A°Ê¤O/¤u¤H

l           ³X´¼tsilk-wool-cotton¡A­¹«~¼t¡A¾÷±ñ¼t¡B¤Æ¤u¼t

l           ºc³y:¿j¤ì³y¡B¿û³y¡BRC¡A ¥~Æ[, brick¬°¥D,cast iron facade, 1849, Bogardous, New York

l           ¤j«¬¤â¤uÃÀ¤u¼t¡AµL¾÷¾¹°Ê¤O

(17.1)Royal Porcelain Factory¡ASerres¡A1753-56¡A425 ft

(17.2)Tobacco Factory¡ASeville¡A1728-70¡A480 ft

 

Italian Renaissance

¤½¦@«Ø¿v

l           ¤u·~­²©R¡B¬ì¾Çµo®i¥v¡B·Ò¿ûªº°_·½¡B³X´¾÷ªº°_·½

1709, Darby,¥H·ÑÁå¿û¡B1746 Huntdman ©XÄlÁå¿û,1733,Kay­¸±ô½ü¡B1764, Hargreaves, spping jenny, 1765, Watt»]®ð¾÷¡B1781, Watt, ÁçÄl¡B1775, Arkwight ¤ô½ü¡B1785,¡@Cartwight ³X´¾÷¡B1765 five million tons of coal¡A1785 ten million tons of coal¡A

1813 2000 power looms¡A1850, 250000 power looms

1781²Ä¤@®yÅK¾ô¢Ñ¢÷¢é¢ô¢ê¢ú¢÷¢÷¢ó¢ì¢é¢ô¢í¡@¢Ð¢ú¢ñ¢ì¢ï¢í¡C

(17.10) Shingkels sketch of Manchester Mill, 1826¡A 40 bays, 8F, ª¬Æ[

l           µo©ú®a¤Î¹ê·~®a-Richard Arkwight¡ACarlyle :

Malthus¡¦s  Principles of Population¡A¤H¤f½×¡C

Dr. Aiking¡G´dºGªÀ·|¡Aµ£¤u,¡@Manchester-·ÏÃú°gº©ªº»êż«°¥«

Reformer-Robert Owen¡¨ A New View of Society¡¨ Charles Fourier¡ALe Doux

John Wood¡B Trafford ¡BEbzner Howard, Tony Garnier, Le Corbusier

Dr. Granville¡A¹ê·~®a,New Lanark Mill, New Harmony, Indiana¡C

l           ­^°ê¤u·~«°¥«ªºµo®i

(17.12) Lanark Mill, Robert Owen

(17.15) ¡§Village of Cooperation¡¨¡A Robert Owen ¡A1816

(17.16) Saltaire, Titus Salts mill, 820 houses, 1851

Schinkel¡¦s visit to England 1826«P¶i¼w°ê¤u·~µo®i

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

­^°ê¤u·~­²©R«á¡A²£¥Í¤j¶q¤u¼t¡A

1796-1803,¥X²{¤u¼t(manufactory)¦Wµü ¡A­ì¬°mill¡CSir Price:

¤u¼t¤ÓÁà¡Aµøı¦Ã¬V

 

 

 

 

 

l           ¦­´Á¤u¼t

Cloth Mill-van Robais, Middleburg in Holland Abbyville France, 1665

(17.4) Silk Mill- Lumbe, Derby, ¤ô¤O, 300 workers, 1717

(17.3) Wool Mill, Linz, Austria, 1722-26,¾n¼tÂå¥Í,°h¥ðª÷¨î«×

(17.6) Textile printing factory, Ryhiner, Basel, France, 1751,

(17.5) Rotes Haus, Monschau, Germany, employed 4000 workers¡A1756

 

 

 

 

 

Utilitarian

Chimeny, Gable

Clock and

cupola

Basel-country house¡A

l           ­^°ê¤u¼tµo®i¥v- Derby Mills

l           «D¨¾¤õ¤u¼t¡G²Ä¤@®ycotton spinning mill¡A Arkwight¡FCromford 1771

(17.8) Masson Mill, Cromford¡A1783, Brick wall and wood frame, 6F

(17.9) Samuel Oldknow' Mill, Marple, 1790

l           ²Ä¤@®y¨¾¤õ¤u¼t¡AWilliam Strutt¡A1793¡AMill at Darby, 1795 at Belper¡G¿û¬W¡Giron pillars and  wood floor on shallow brick arches.6F, 115 ft. water wheel¡C

l           ²Ä¤@®y¿ûºc¤u¼t ¿û¼Ù:Charles Bages,Outer walls are still load bearing. thinner©Ó­«Àð®ø¥¢ªº°_·½

(17.11) Bage¡¦s flour mill, Ditherington, Shrewsbury,1796

Sadford Mill, 1801¡A¤¤ªÅ¿û¬W¥i¨Ñ·x®ð¤Î1805 ¸Ë·Ñ®ð¿O

¿ûºc¼t©Ð¸û¤ìºc¼t©Ð¨¾¤õ¡A¶}©l¥Î¿û¬WAlbion Mill¡ALondon¡A1791 Fire

1797«á¡A¿ûºc¤u¼t¤j¶q²£¥Í¡A¿û¼Ù¿û¬W¤j¶q¹B¥Î¦Ü¼t©Ð¥H¥~1826 British Museum¥Î¿û¼Ù¡A¤j¸ó¶Z¡A¨¾¤õ¡A¬I¤u§Ö¡A¦ý¤ÓÁà

(17.32)John Marshall¡¦s Temple Mill  at Leeds-

Egyptian, 1840

 

(17.35)Templeton carpet factory-

Gothic, Glasgow, 1892

l           ¬ü°ê¤u¼tªºµo®i(¨ä¥L°ê®a¤u¼tµo®i¥v¤£§¹¾ã)

¬ü°ê¤u·~¤Æ¸û¼Ú³°§ó¦­¡A¤ñ­^°ê±ß20-50¦~

Charles Dickens-1841, Lowell, clean mills with fresh air

Virtulon Rich-1832, Pittsburg, Manchester of the west

l           Lowell,¡@Massachusetts                               

Bevery Mill-²Ä¤@®y¤u¼t¦³ spinning machine, 1787,

    Waltham Mill-²Ä¤@®y¤u¼t¦³power loom, 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell

    Marrimack manufacturing company ¡V 41 bays, 5F, 1848, ª¬Æ[

    Lippitt Mill, Rhode Island-²Ä¤@®y¿û¬W¤u¼t,1848

(17.18) Cohoes N.Y. Harmony Mill, 1872, 1185 ft. 5F

(17.19) Lawrence Mill, Bay State Mill, Massachusetts, 1846

(17.20) Manchester, N.H. Amoskeag Mill, 1838, »s³y»]®ð¾÷

John Coolidge¡¨Mill and Mansion¡¨

 

New England Textile Mill Survey

 

 

Housing with factories

 

Utilitarian

Chimeny,Gable

Clock and

Cupola

 

 

l           ¼Ú³°¦U°ê¤u¼tªºµo®i

l           ªk°ê¡Q(17.25-26) Ledoux, Royal Salt works at Chaux, 1776

l           ¼w°ê¡QBrugelmann(17.17-28) ratingen, Cromford textile mill, 1784

l           ·N¤j§Q¡G¾÷©Ð¡A®ø¨¾¯¸¡A©â¤ô¯¸;campanile¡F(17.36,37)

Tuscan columns carrying a pediment

Neo-classical

(17.33) Fecamp Liqueur, 1900 -French Gothic to early Renaissance

(17.38) Menier chololate factory, iron skeleton, 1871

(17.39) Charles six spinning mill at Tourcoing, Hennebique, RC 1895

(17.43) Berlin, AEG turbine factory, Peter Behrens, 1910

(17.41) Alfled, Fagus Shoe factory, 1911, Gropius and Meyer

(17.44) Rotterdam, tobacco factory, Brinkmann and Vlucht, 1929

(17.46) Bologna, State Tobacco factory, Nervi, 1952

1883 La Baron Jenny, Home Insurance Bldg, fire-proof steel skeleton ¡Bfaçade

 

Modernism

Expressionism

Structural

Rationalism

 

 

A PARALLEL HISTORY

 

l          ªÛ¥[­ô¾Ç¬£µo®i

²Ä¤@´É¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó(Skyscrapers) ¦r·½:¦|²î®é§ý³»ºÝ¤§¤T¨¤§Î¤pºX

1883¡G ²£ª««OÀI¤j¼Ó(Home Insurance Bldg)¡AWilliam Le Baron Jenny, Chicago,

ºc³y:¹q±è¡B¤Q¼h¿ûºc(¿û»PűÅK)¡B¥~À𬰿jÀð¤Î¥Û§÷¡C

¥~Æ[:¥j¨å¥D¸q( Italian palazzo)¡B°ò®y¡B¤ô¥­¾î±a¡B³»¼Ó¬WÄæ¡B¿jÀð¤À³Î½u

³]­p²z©À¡G(1)lighter structure(2)metropolitan image(3)panoramic view (5)advanced technology(elevator¡B

(6)alienation to surroundings¡Ba city by itself

®É¥N­I´º: (1)Chicago1871¦~¤j¤õ¡A¨a«á­««Ø¤Î¨¾¤õ»Ý¨D(2)¹q±è¤Î½Æ¼h¿ûºc¬[§Þ³Nµo®i(3)¬ü°ê¸ê¥»¥«³õ½´«kµo®i(4)»Ý¶°¤¤¥æ©ö(5)³£¥«¦a»ù©ù¶Q(6)©Ð¦a²£§ë¾÷¦¨ªø¡B¶U´Ú¨î«×²£¥Í(6)µL°ª«×¤Î«Ø¿v­±¿nºÞ¨î¡B§Q¼íµL­­

Chicago

1888¡GTacoma Bldg. William Holabird and Martin Roche, Chicago¡G¿jÀðÅÜÁ¡¡A°ª«×ÀH¤§¼W¥[

1889: McNally Bldg. William Holabird and Martin Roche, Chicago¡G¥þ¿ûºc³y

1891¡GMonadnock Bldg. Daniel Burnham and John Root, Chicago¡G¤Q¤»¼h¡B¶Ç²Î¿j³y

1892: Masonic Temple. Daniel Burnham and John Root, Chicago¡G¤G¤Q¤@¼h¡A100 m¡Apanoramic view

1895: Reliance Bldg. Daniel Burnham and John Root, Chicago¡G¥~Àð¥þ¬°¬Á¼þ

New York

1875¡GTribune Bldg. Richard Morris Hunt, Chicago¡G²Ä¤@®y¨Ï¥Î¹q±èªº°Ó·~¤j¼Ó

1885: ¦Û¥Ñ¤k¯«¹³¡AGustave Eiffel¡B¿ûºc§Þ³N

1888: Leroy Buffington¡B¤G¤Q¤K¼h¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó¡BCloudsrapers

1888: Guarantee Bldg. Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, New York¡Garchetype of modern office bldg.

1889: Bradford Gilbert¡B¤Q¤@¼h¤j¼Ó

1891: Boston Daily News: Skyscrapers¦r²´­º«×¥X²{

 

l          ¼vÅT

Skyscrapers ¦b§Þ³N¤W¤@¥¹ÃÒ©ú¥i¦æ¡A´N¥ß¨è¦¨¬°¬ü°ê(1880-1929)¸ê¥»¥D¸qªº©Ð¦a²£§ë¸ê¥«³õ³Ì¨Î§ë¸ê¤u¨ã¡A¦b¤j«°¥«¤¤¤j¨üÅwªï¡A¬ü°ê¸ûµL¾ú¥v¥]µö¡A¥i§Ö³t±µ¨ü·s¨Æª«¡C¼Ú¬w¤H¦b¤å¤Æ¤W¡B¬ü¾Ç¤WµLªk§Ö³t»{¦PSkyscrapers¡A¨Ò¦pEiffel Tower¤§¿ûºc³y¦bParis¸g¹L70-80¦~Å׳Q»{¦P¡C¦ý³¡¥÷¬ü°ê¤H¤´¹ïSkyscrapers¾B¾×µó¹D¶§¥ú·P¨ì¼~¼{¡ASkyscrapers¥²¶·°hÁY¡Aset back¦¨¬°20¥@¬ö«Ø¿vªk¥O¥D­n¨Ó·½¤§¤@¡C¥xÆW«Ø½ª²v®É´Á¡G«Øª«°ª«×=­±«e¹D¸ô¼e«×x1.5+6m¡C®e¿n²v®É´Á¡G«Øª«°ª«×=1;3.6¡C¥x¥_¥«¦í¦v°Ï«Øª«°ª«×=1;1.5¡C

1916: New York building zone regulation¡A°ª«×²{¨î¡B¤À°ÏºÞ¨î¡B¥ß­±ºÞ¨î¡BªþÄݳ]¬IºÞ¨î¡B®e¿n¼úÀy (¼s³õ)

1893: Chicago Bldg Ht. 40m

 

l          ¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼ÓªºªÀ·|¤Î¤å¤Æ·N²[

¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¦a¼Ð§@¥Î¡B±R°ª¤Æ(A Cathedral of Commerce)

1913: Woolworth Bldg.¡AGothic

1931: Empire State Bldg.

1933: Rockefeller Center

¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¼s§i«Å¶Ç®ÄªG¡B¥H¹q¤Oªí²{¤Ñ»Ú½u¡B¬ü°ê¤H¹ïtowerªº±R«ô

1930: Chrysler Bldg. Art Deco¡AExpressionism

1932: Philadelphia Saving Fund Society

¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¬Fªv«Å¶Ç®ÄªG

1953: Moscow University¡ARussian Constructivism

¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº«Ø¿v·N¶H¤Î»y·J

1950s; Modernism

1980s: Post Modernism

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MODERN TIMES

 

l          ªÛ¥[­ô½×¾Â³ø¤j¼ÓÄv¹Ï1922

­º¼úRaymond Hood and John Mead Howells-Gothic, ¬ü°êºq¼w¦¡¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó (1913-1922)

²Ä¤G¦W Eliel Saarinen; sculpted mass, taping, geometric forms, set back, monumentality, modern idiom

Archetype of American skyscrapers:

Radiator Bldg. Raymond Hood, 1924

Daily News Bldg. Raymond Hood,1931

Barcaly-Vesey Bldg. 1926

State Empire Bldg. 1931

¼Ú¬w«Ø¿v®v¹ï¬ü°êªº¼vÅT

        1923, Skyscrapers as solutions to Housing Problem ¡V Wendingen, °ª¼h¶°¦X¦í¦v

     1924, Glass skyscrapers¡¨ Mies van de Rohe¡A§¹¥þ²{¥N¥D¸qªºª÷Äݱc¹õ¤j¼Ó

     1925, Auguste Perret, observation tower in Grenoble, §¹¥þ¿ûµ¬²V¾®¤g°ª¶ð

     Walter Gropius, Harvard 1937¡FMoholy-Nagy, New Bauhaus, Chicago, 1937¡A

Mies van de Rohe, IIT, 1938,¡A¶}±Ò¬ü°êBauhaus«Ø¿v±Ð¨|

¦U°êSkyscrapersªºµo®i

      1952, Torre Latinamericana, Mexico City, 182 m. ©Ô¤B¬ü¬w²Ä¤@®y°ª¼h«Ø¿v

1932,Boerentoren, Antwerp, 85 m¡A¼Ú¬w²Ä¤@®y°ª¼h«Ø¿v

      1948-60, Auguste Perret, Tour Perret, Amiens, France¡A©~¥Á¦Ü1960Å×±µ¨ü°ª¼h¶°¦X¦í¦v

      1958 Torre Velasca, Milan, BBBR, °ª¼h«Ø¿vª«ªº¹Ï¹³¤Î¬ö©À·N¸q

Mies van der Rohe

²¼ä,¯Â²b,ºë·Ç²Ó³¡,©â¶H,²z©Ê¤Î³q¥Î©Ê-«Ø¿vµL½×Ãþ«¬¡A³£À³¨ã¦³¬Û¦P­ì«h¡C1947-1948¡A

Chicagoªº¤Q¥|´É°ª¼h«Ø¿v¡A¥]¬AResidential Towers in Chicago,¬ü°ê°ª¼h¶°¦X¦í¦v

Seagram Bldg. New York, Archetype of American skyscrapers with q plaza: 1961¦~¶}©ñªÅ¶¡ªk

SOM Lever House:New York , 1951, 1930¬ü°ê¤µ¿Ä¦M¾÷¤Î¤G¾Ô«á¬ü°ê²{¥N¥D¸q¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¥¿¦¡´_µd

      ¬ü°ê²{¥N¥D¸q«Ø¿v¥ýÅX, ±c¹õ¤j¼Ó·N¶H,¥]¯E´µ¬ü¾ÇÆ[, Miesªº German pavilion in Barcelona

      ¶}©ñªÅ¶¡¥ýÅX(¦ý³]­p¤£¨}¤£¯à¥Î)¡A«Ø¿vª«°t¸m¤£´L­«µó¹D¥ß­±©µÄò©Ê

Äò¶°¤£¦p­º¬M¶°ºëªö¡A²_¬°§Î¦¡

 

EARTH AND SKY

l          Skyscrapersªº¥~Æ[·N²[

Aldof Loos ªº¤Ï¿Ø¡ASkyscrapers ¬O¥j¨å¬W¦¡ªºª½±µ´_¥j¼Ò¥é

1888: Guarantee Bldg. Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, New York¡Garchetype of modern office bldg.

¬W¦(Base)¡B¬W¨­(Shaft)¡B¬WÀY(Capital)¡B³»½u½L(a frieze at entablature level surmounted by a wide projecting cornice)-¾A¦X20¼h¥H¤U¡C20¼h¥H¤W-Campanile¤Î set back bldg.-¦a¼Ð©Ê¤ÎÀJ¶ì©Ê¡CTripartite formula, two focal points-base¸s¼Ó¤Îsummit¦y³»¡C¸s¼Ó»P³£¥«¯¾²z¤Î¬¡°Ê®§®§¬ÛÃö¡A¦y³»¬O³£¥«¤Ñ»Ú½uªº¤@Àô¡C¨ã¦³¦a¼Ð©Ê¤ÎÁô³ë(metaphor)·N²[¡C

 

l           Public area¤½¦@°Ï°ì-the Base

1925¤§Chicago Tribune, ¤½¦@°Ï°ì¦ì©ó³»¼Ó¡C1930¤§New York Daily News, ¤½¦@°Ï°ì¦ì©ó¤@¼Ó¡C

Art Deco ®É´Á¡A§ó­«µø¤½¦@°Ï°ì¡CChrysler Bldg(1930). Empire State Bldg(1931). Field Bldg.(1934)

¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó¦b¬ö©À©Ê¡B¸Ë¹¢©Ê¤W§óª`­«¤½²³©Ê¡C

1970S, John Portman; atrium type hotel¡C

Philip Johnson and John Burgee¡GIDS Center in Minneapolis¡C

Times Square, Crossroads in Shibuya, Tokyo

Rockefeller Center, Seagram Bldg. ¤j¼Ó«á°h¼W¥[³zµø®ÄªG¡A¼s³õ¼W¥[¬ö©À©Ê¡C

 

l           ¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº«Ø¿v·N¶H¤Î»y·J

¯Ã¬ù¥@¶T¤j¼Ó¦¨¬°Manhattanªºªù¤á¶H¼x¡C

SOM-Richard Keating(Houston)¡ATexas Commerce Center¡A©·§Îtympanum(¤sÀ𪺤T¨¤­±)¡A¥¨§Î¤è®Ø¦¨¬°Dallas Cityªº¤J¤f·N¶H¡C

1983¡AAT & T Bldg.²Ä¤@®yPost Modern ¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó¡CHelmut Jahn, Kevin Roche, Cesar pelli, Michael Graves, KPF, Ricardo Bofill, IM Pei, SOM-David Child(New York), SOM-Adrian Smith(Chicago)¡C

¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó¹³¤@¦±¼Ö³¹-Cass Gilbert

Transamerica¡A¦y³»¦V¤WµL­­©µ¦ù¡C

 

l           Tech equipment«Ø¿v³]³Æ-the Summit

«Ø¿v³]³Æ:¹q±è¾÷©Ð¡B±Æ®ð¤f¡BÁ×¾_¾¹¡B¤ô½c¡B³q°T¥x§¡¦ì©ó³»¼Ó¡C

Æ[¥ú¥Î³~:¼s§iµP¡BÁA±æ¥x¡B±ÛÂàÀ\ÆU¡B¬ö©À«~©±§¡¦ì©ó³»¼Ó¡C

¤ß²z§@¥Î¡G³¾Àý¹Ï(bird¡¦s eye view)¥i­ÁÀý¤@¤Á´ºª«¡A¨S¦³¾¸­µ¡B¯ä¨ý¤Î¦MÀI¡A­ÁÀý¥iÅý¤H¸r¼}¡B²z¸Ñ¤Î²£¥Í¦Û«H¡Cµn¤W¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼ÓÅý¤H²£¥u¦³¹Ú¤Û¤¤¥i·P¨ü¨ìªºÄß©È¡B±R°ª¡Bº¡¨¬µ¥¤£¦P·Pı¡C

 

THE HEIGHTS OF THCHNOLOGY

l          Skyscrapers»P¬ì§ÞªºÃö«Y

1870¹q±è¡B¹q¤O¡B¤é¥ú¿O¡B°ª¼h¨¾¤õ¡B°k¥Í¡B¥Ñ¨ä¬Oµ²ºc-§Ü­·¤O¤Î§Ü¦a¾_¤O³]­p

­·¤O»P°ª«×¥­¤è®Ú¦¨¥¿¤ñ¡B¦a¾_¦a»P«Ø¿vª«¦Û­«¦¨¥¿¤ñ

Frame       Load Bearing Core         Truss at Periphery        Tube

1972,World Trade Center, New York, 415 m, ¶gÃäºò±K¤p¼Ù¬W¡ACentral Core

John Hancock Center, Chicago, Trussed Tube

1977, City Corp, New York, Triangular Truss, damping system(Á×¾_)

Tube in Tube

Sears Tower, Chicago, Bundle Tubes

Triangular Tubes, 500 floors, one mile, Robert Sobel, Houston (not built)

Millennium Tower, Tokyo, 840m, 1/2 mile, Norman Foster (not built)

 

1880s, Rigid Frame (Ductile Moment Resisting Frame)ªº§Þ³N¨ÏSkyscrapers»\¦Ü¬ù30¼h

Frame +Shear Truss¥i»\¦Ü¬ù40¼h¡ABelt Truss¥i»\¦Ü¬ù60¼h¡C

1960s, Framed Tubeªº§Þ³N¨ÏSkyscrapers»\¦Ü¬ù¬ù80¼h¡ATruss Tube + interior columns¥i»\¦Ü¬ù100¼h¡ABundled Tube¥i»\¦Ü¬ù120¼h¡ATruss Tube w/o interior columns¥i»\¦Ü¬ù140¼h¡C

¸ê®Æ:Charles Jencks, Skysrapers - Skycities Rizzoli, 1980

 

l           Skyscrapers¬Oºî¦X²£ª«¡A¬ì§Þ¨Ã«D°ß¤@¦]¯À

(1)¸gÀÙ Economics (2)¬ü¾ÇAesthetics (3)Àô¹Ò Environment (4)¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡ Life Styles (5)¬ì§Þ Technology¡ASkyscrapers¬O¤W¶}¦]¯Àªº·¥­Pªí²{

 

l           Concrete vs., Steel

¤£¦P¤å¤Æ¹ï§÷®Æªº°¾¦n¡G¬ü°ê-Steel,Áå¿û·~µo¹F¡BÀç³y·~¸û±M·~¡F ¨È¬w-Concrete, Concrete»Ý¤j¶q¤H¤u¡A¤ôªd¥i´N¦a¨ú±o¡A¦ý¤£§Q©óÀô«O¡C

µ²ºc¡GConcrete¥i§ÜÀ£¤O¡A¾A¦X§@¬°¬W¤l¡A²¤OÀð¥ç¥i¼W¥[µ²ºc«l«×¡A¦ý¦]¦a¾_¤O¤Î¬I¤u­­¨î¡AConcrete¤£§Q©ó¶W°ª¼h«Ø¿v¡C

Concrete¨¾­µ©Ê°ª¡B¨¾¤õ©Ê°ª¡B¾A¦X¶°¦X¦í¦v¡B®ÈÀ]¡C

°ª±j«×²V¾®¤gµo©ú«á¡A¢ÑONCRET-STEEL¤uªk¤w¦X¨Ö¨Ï¥Î¡ACore¬°Concrete,©PÃ䬰Steel¡C

½G°ª©Ê¼¯¤Ñ¼Ó©¼¦¹¬Û³s¡A¼W¥[§Ü¤ô¥­¤O¡C¿ì¤½«Çªu¤¤®x¥|©P°t¸m¡A¦³§Q©ó±Ä¥ú¡C

 

l          ¥¼¨Ó

Á×¾_¥§ªý¾¹Ä~Äòµo®i¡A¥¼¨Ó¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óµ²ºc¶È»Ý¤ä¼µ««ª½¸ü­«¡C200-500¼h¤j¼Ó¥i¯à²£¥Í¡C

¹q±è:Double Decker¡BSky-lobby

1853¡GOtis¹q±èµo©úªÌ¡A1857: ²Ä¤@®y¸ü«È¹q±è

1870¡GEquitable Bldg.²Ä¤@®y¨Ï¥Î¹q±èªº¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó

1875¡GTribune Bldg. Richard Morris Hunt, Chicago¡G²Ä¤@®y¨Ï¥Î¹q±èªº°Ó·~¤j¼Ó

¹q¸£¡G¤¤¥¡ºÞ²zºÊ±±¡B´¼¼z«¬¤j¼Ó

¨¾¤õ¡G¥­«Î³»¨Ñª½ª@¾÷±Ï¤õ

³q­·¡G°h¥î­x¤H¯g¡A¯fµß¸gªÅ½ÕºÞ¶Ç¬V

§Þ³N¡G·s«Ø§÷¤Î·s§Þ³N³Ì¨Î¹êÅç«Ç