Forward
A demonstration of development by both style and by function, style being a matter of architectural history, function being a social history.
Introduction
Function of Buildings
before 19th century: mostly churches, castles; palaces, a few townhalls, theatres; few hospital, library
Styles of Palaces
1.
Classicism(Grecian):
2. Neo-Italian Renaissance: Konigsbau, 1826-35; Festssalbau, 1832-42
3. Scottish Baronial: Balmoral, 1853-55
4. Neo French Renaissance: Lourve, 1853
5.
Greek Revival: King of
6.
Neo-Gothic:
7. Neo-Baroque: Neuschwantein, 1868-86, Herrenchiensee, 1878-86
Two intentions of the book:
1. to watch for each type the order in
which styles follow one another
2. to follow changes in function and
changes in planning
2. 12¥@¬ö±ß´Á¦Ü17¥@¬ö±ß´Á¶¡ªº¬F©²«Ø¿v
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¥Î³~ |
¯S¼x |
2.2 |
Palazzo del
Broletto at |
Extension of
markets Town hall and
law court |
An open ground
floor with arcades and one large room above |
2.3 2.4 |
Palazzo
Pubblico ,Sienna,1298-1348 Palazzo
Veccio,Florence, 1299-1314 |
Town hall and
law court More specialized offices (market is spitting off) |
Two halls, one
on top of the other Lower hall is
closed Fortress like
facades |
2.6 2.7 |
Thorne Town
Hall ,Toran, Poland,1250-1603 |
Shops, market
hall Town hall,
council room Chancellery
room law
courts(upper floor) |
German town
halls are often irregularly shaped Lower and upper
arcade along the front A gable for
every bay above the tracery |
2.8 |
Middelburg Town
Hall, Holland, 1506 |
Guild is
spitting off Town hall and
law court |
Gothic in style |
2.9 |
Rouen, Palais
de Justice, 1499-1543 France |
Law court |
Early
Renaissance |
2.10 |
Design for a
town center, 1460 (Filarette) |
Town hall,
treasury, Prison, guilds,
chapel |
Cluster of
buildings, axial orientation |
2.11 |
Design for a
civic office, 1480 (Giorgio) |
Town hall,
custom house Prison,
warehouse, shops Offices |
Cluster of
buildings, axial orientation |
2.1 |
Uffizi,
Florence, 1560-71(Vasari) |
Conservatori,
Sriptori, Auienza,
Chancellery |
The earliest
office building |
2.12 |
Antwerp town
hall, 1561-65 |
Civil offices,
City Council Court of
Justice, Pulic
Prosecutor |
Grandeur in
size, monumentality |
2.13 2.14 |
Rennes, Palais
de Justice, 1618-26 |
Civil offices,
City Council Court of justice, Prisons
visitors room |
Broque |
2.15 2.16 2.17 |
Amsterdam town
hall, 1648-55 (Jacob van
Campen) |
Civil offices,
great hall Court of
justice, prisons Treasury Bankruptcy
office Banks |
Grandeur in
size, monumentality |
3. ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤§«áªº¬F©²«Ø¿v ¡V °ê·|¤j·H
|
«Ø¿vª« |
«Ø¿v®v |
ᨾ |
¯S¼x |
3.1 3.2 |
Irish
Parliament (Bank of
Ireland) 1729 |
Edward Lovett
Pearce ^°ê1660-1710 Baroque-Wren,Vanbrugh (Rubens)(Loius
XIII)1660-1710 ¦ÛµM¬ü(´X¦ó)/²ßºD¬ü(·P©x) 1671 Blondel-³]p/Àç³y¤ÀÂ÷ ^°ê 1620-1660,
1710-1800 Palladian
Classicism--Jones, Webb Cambell,
Burlington, Kent ¥j¥NªºÂ²¼ä¤Î«Ø¿vÛ²z,¤Ï¸Ë¹¢ ^°ê 1800-1900 Neo-classicism,
Neo-baroque, Neo-gothic Chambers,
Soane, Barry |
Palladian |
tetrastyle
porticowith pediment ¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð Low Pantheon
domes§C¶ê«ý³» |
3.3 3.4 |
British
Parliament 1732 |
William Kent |
Palladian Roman Baths |
Giant orders¤j¬W¦¡ Low Pantheon
domes§C¶ê«ý³» Venetian window
«Â¥§´µµ¡ |
3.5 |
Capital of
Virginia 1785 |
Thomas
Jefferson Samuel Dobie |
Palladian |
Deep hexastyle
portico¤»¬W¦¡²`ªù´Y unfluted ionic columns |
3.6 3.7 |
Capital of
U.S.A. 1792 |
Samuel Dobie |
English Classicism |
Octastyle
portico¤K¬W¦¡ªù´Y Low Pantheon
domes§C¶ê«ý³» |
3.8 3.9 3.10 |
Capital of
U.S.A. 1792 |
William Thorton Etienne-Sulpice
Hallet |
French Neo-Classicism Ecole de
Medicine by Gondoin |
Giant portico
with eight columns ¥¨«¬¤K¬W¦¡ªù´Y Big/small
rotunda Elliptical
colonnade Semicircular
room with coffered dome |
3.11 3.12 |
Capital of
U.S.A. 1803 |
Benjamin
Latrobe |
Greek Revival |
Doric portico ¦h¥ß§J¬W¦¡ªù´Y Upper Loggia ¤G¼Ó«e´Y |
3.13 3.16 |
Capital of
U.S.A. 1850 |
Thomas Walter |
Grecian Romanesque St. Issac¡¦s
Cathedral, St. Pertersburg |
Ironed domeűÅK¤j¶ê³» Giant Colonnade |
3.17 3.18 3.19 |
Shire Hall,
Chester 1788-1822 Hereford, Shire
Hall |
Thomas Harrison Robert
Smirke(British Museum) |
Grecian Piranesi French |
Gondoin type
room Unfluted Doric
columns with pediment |
3.20 3.21 |
Palais Bourbon 1828-33 |
Façade by
Bernard Poyet Interior by
Jules de Joly |
French Classicism |
Grandeur
architectural rhetoric Gondoin type
room |
3.23 -25 |
House of
Parliament London,1860 |
Charles
Barry-plans A.W.N.
Pugin-details |
Elizabethan Neo-Gothic |
Jacob Burckhardt |
3.26 |
House of
Parliament Ottwa,1859 |
Fuller and
Jones |
Neo-Gothic |
|
3.27 |
House of
Parliament Berne,1852 |
Friedrich
Studer |
Calssical, Florentine |
James Fergusson |
3.33 |
Parliament
Bldg. Brasilica,1958 |
Oscar Neimeyer |
International Modernism |
Expressionism ,
abstract form Saucer and
inverted saucer |
4. ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤§«áªº¬F©²«Ø¿v ¡V¬F©²¿ì¤½«Ç
|
«Ø¿vª« |
«Ø¿v®v |
ᨾ |
¯S¼x |
4.1 |
Design for the
Treasury 1734 |
William Kent |
Burlintonian Palladian Quattrocento |
tetrastyle
porticowith pediment ¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð rusticated façade
²Ê¬ä¥Ûªk |
4.2 4.4 |
Somerset House 1776 |
William
Chambers (idea of
William Burke) |
Jonesian Palladian Queen¡¦s gallery |
tetrastyle
porticowith pediment ¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð Piranesian
rusticated arch |
4.3 |
Treasury 1845-47 |
Charles Barry |
Gothic and Classical |
Giant orders¤j¬W¦¡ Spires ¦y¶ð |
4.5 |
Foreign Office 1868-73 |
George Gilbert
Scott |
Gothic and Classical |
rusticated façade
²Ê¬ä¥Ûªk Spires ¦y¶ð |
4.6 |
New Government
Office1898-1912 |
J.M.Brydon |
Classical |
tetrastyle
porticowith pediment ¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð rusticated façade
²Ê¬ä¥Ûªk Giant orders¤j¬W¦¡ |
4.7 |
Ministry de
Affairs, 1845-56 |
Larconee |
Classical |
Two tired of
attached columns carrying entablatures ¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î³»½u½L |
4.8 |
Lourve,1852 |
Visconti Lefuel |
French Renaissance |
Two tired of
attached columns with arched windows¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î«ýµ¡ |
4.9 |
Treasury,
Washington.D.C. 1836-69 |
Robert Mills |
Classical |
Endless Giant
orders¤j¬W¦¡ |
4.10 |
Old Executive
Office Building Washington. D.C. 1871-88 |
A.B.Mullet |
French Renaissance |
Two tired of
attached columns carrying entablatures and pediment ¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î³»½u½L¤Î¤sÀð Pavilioned roof
with domers ±×«Î³»¤Î¦Ñªêµ¡ |
4.12 |
Old Executive
Office Building Washington. D.C. 1871-88 |
A.B.Mullet |
French Renaissance |
Two tired of
attached columns carrying entablatures and pediment ¤G¼h¨Ö¬W¤Î³»½u½L¤Î¤sÀð Pavilioned roof
with domers ±×«Î³»¤Î¦Ñªêµ¡ |
15.47 4.12 |
World¡¦s Columbian Exhibition,
Chicago 1893 Rayburn House,
1957-63 |
Peabody and
Stearns ¬ü°ê´_¥j¹B°Ê (Law library,
Columbia U Pennsylvania.
Station Dept. of Agriculture Bureau of
Engraving Internal
Revenue Dept. of
Commerce Dept. of Labor Dept. of
Justice Federal Trade
Commision National
Archives) HHLH |
Gothic Grecian Industrial |
tetrastyle
porticowith pediment ¥|¬W¦¡ªù´Y¤Î¤sÀð Spires ¦y¶ð, ¶ê§Î¿û¬[ |
16.34 16.35 |
Carson Store,
Chicago 1899-1904 Wertheim ,
Berlin 1896-1904 |
Louis Sullvan Messel |
Neo-classical Industrial |
Free grouping,
,undelivered blocks Absence of moldings,
grid pattern Narrow vertical
window strips |
4.15 4.13 |
James Forretal
Building Wachington D.C.1969 600-800
Independence Ave. D.C. 1963 |
Curtis and
Davis Holabrid, Root
and Burges |
International
Modernism |
Chunky Concrete |
. 5. ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤§«áªº¬F©²«Ø¿v ¡Vªk°|
¹Ï |
«Ø¿vª« |
«Ø¿v®v |
ᨾ |
¯S¼x |
5.2 |
Court of
Chancery 1821-25 |
John Soane |
Classical |
|
5.1 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 |
Palais de
Justice, 1835 Palais
Municipal, 1792 Law Courts Law Courts,1809 Law Courts,
1782 |
Baltard Bollee Bollee Durand Bernard |
Romantic
Classicism (remorseful) |
Corinthian
columns, Beaux Arts attic Megalomaniac
scale Separation of
Styles and plans |
5.7 |
Birminham Town
Hall, 1832 |
Hansom |
Grecian Roman |
Peripteral
temple and rusticated base |
5.8 |
St George¡¦s
Hall, Liverpool, 1840 |
Elmes |
Grecian Roman |
Peripteral
temple and rusticated base |
5.9 |
Leed¡¦s Town
Hall, 1853-58 |
Cuthbert
Brodrick |
Broque Wrenaissance (Chris Wren) |
Grandeur Attest the
opulence of the commercial cities of Italy and Flanders |
5.10 1.19 1.20 |
Palais de
Justice, Paris, 1857-68 Kelheim, Hall
of Liberation, |
L.J.Duc Leo von Klenze |
Broque Classical |
Heavy attic,
segmental arches Attached giant
columns ¡§madness¡¨-Burckhardt |
5.11 |
Hotel de
Ville,1837-46, Paris |
Godde and
Lesueur |
French Renaissance |
Pavilioned roof
with domers ±×«Î³»¤Î¦Ñªêµ¡ |
5.12 |
Manchester Town
Hall And Assize
Courts 1868-77 |
Alfred
Waterhouse |
Gothic |
Deep moldings, spires |
5.13 |
Manchester Town
Hall And Assize
Courts 1868-77 |
Alfred
Waterhouse |
Gothic |
Deep moldings, spires |
5.17 |
Vienna, Rathaus 1868-77 |
Friedrich von
Schmidt |
Gothic |
Geometric plan
and regulated moldings |
5.15 |
London Law
Courts 1868-77 |
G.E.Street |
Gothic |
Strand façade
and spectacular salle |
5.14 5.16 |
London Law
Courts 1868 |
George Gilbert
Scott Willaim Burges |
Gothic-symmetrical Gothic-asymmetrical |
Burges
plan-Creates an aentrancing drama-Summerson High mark of
Gothic Revival-Schuyler |
5.18 5.19 |
Palaisde
Justice, Brussels 1868-83 |
Joseph Poelaert |
Neo-Baroque,Neo-gothic
and Victorian in England |
Colossus , monstrous
and madness Towel of Babel+
Michelangelo+ Piranesi |
5.20 |
Pallazo di
Giustizia 1886-1910 |
G. Calderini |
Neo-Baroque |
fussy |
5.21 |
Leipzig Supreme
Court 1887-95 |
Ludwig von
Hoffman |
Against Baroque |
restrained |
5.24 |
Copenhagen Town
Hall 1892-1905 |
Martin Nyrop |
Dutch and
Scandinavian |
Quiet façade
and a high,freely shaped tower |
5.22 |
Stockholm City
Hall 1909-23 |
Rangar
Osterburg |
Northern Renaissance |
Doge¡¦s Palace Spiky
decorative motif |
5.23 |
Design for the
admin.center,1917 |
Tony Garnier |
Modernism |
Projecting
concrete canopy |
5.25 |
Hilversum Town
Tower,1928-30 |
Marinus Dudok |
Internaltional Modernism Frank Lloyd
Wright |
Grouping of
unrelieved blocks, absence of moldings |
5.26 |
Ottawa City
Hall,1956-58 |
Vincent Rother |
International Modernism |
Maximun
performance with maximum thickness of material |
5.27 |
Law Courts,
Chandigrah,1950-57 |
Le Corbusier |
Expressional Modernism |
Cyclopean in
masses Aggressive and
overpowering |
5.28 |
Boston City
Hall,1962-69 |
Kallmanm
McKinnell, Knowels |
Expressional Modernism |
Arbitary in
motifs Oppressively
top heavy, Forbidding
rather than inviting |
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without resemblance. The principal occupation of science and philosophy is to
discover their origin and primitive use.
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1. Quatremere, Moneo, Rossi ¡V original myth and metaphoric importance of their labor
2. Pevsner, Durand, Colquohun- function, prototype
3. Steven Holl- site and vernacular, stereotype
Hospitals
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INCURABLES(ºë¯«¯f±w¡B¥Ç¤H¡Bª¼¤H¡B´¼»Ù¡BÅõºÈªÌµ¥) HOTEL DES INVALIDES,
BICETRE¡AHOTEL DIEU (HORRIBLE) l
¤ñ³W¼ÒHOTEL DES INVALIDES, PARIS BY BRUANTM FIG 9.18 ROYAL NAVAL HOSPITAL, GREENWICH, BY CRIS WREN, FIG 9.21 l ·Oµ½®½´Ú-³W¼Ò¤p 18TH C
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ENGLAND-«Ø¥ß¤j¶q±M¬ìÂå°|¤Î¦¬®e©Ò¡A 1750- Âå¯f¤è¦¡¤´¤Q¤À´Ý§Ô¡AÂå°|¶}©l¤ÀÃþ-°ü²£¬ì¡Bºë¯«¯fµ¥¡F¦¬®e©Ò«hµL©úÅã¤ÀÃþ l
¦¬®e©Ò¤ÎºÊº»-´Ý§ÔºÞ²z¡B½Ã¥Í·¥®t¡B¦º¤`²v12.5%-25% HOTEL DIEU, PARIS, FIRE IN 1722¡APAVILLION PLAN, RADIAL PLAN, PRIZON PLAN l
TENON-MEMORIES ON HOSPITALS,1788,
¬ì¾Ç¼Æ¾Ú, ±j½Õ¤ÀÃþ¡B¶}¤M©Ð¡B¯f©Ð¡BPAVILLION PLAN 19TH C l
NIGHTINGALE-³q·,±N§C·P¬V²v HOSPITAL LARIBOISIERE BY
GAUTHIER 1839-54, 905BEDS ROYAL
VICTORIA HOSPITAL AT NETLEY, 1856-63 STEINHOFF ASYLUM, VIENNA,
WAGNER |
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RADIAL ©ñ®g«¬ DESGOTES,LATE 17TH C STURM, 1820 l
¤¤¥¡«ý³»³q· ¯f§É¶¡¦³´Z©Ò, 1525 BEDS l
PAVILLION ¤À´É¦¡Âå°|-³q· WREN,1702 ROWEHEAD, 1756 LE ROY, 1773 GAUTHIER, 1756 l
ªk°ê-¶°¤¤¦¡ ´X¦X«¬¡B¥j¨å¦¡ l
^°ê-¤À´²¦¡ ¦ÛµM§Î¡A«¾÷¯à l ASYLUMS-¦¬®e©Ò,¨|¥®°|CRUCIFORM
PLAN, 19TH C«á±Ä¥ÎPAVILLION, ¤À´²¤Æ¡B
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GEORGIAN COUNTRY HOUSE l
BAROQUE l
NEO CLASSICAL l
GRECAIN |
III ²{¥N 20TH C- |
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PASTEUR/ LISTERµo²{²Óµß¡A§Ü¥Í¯À¤Î®ø¬rªk,1870S¡A³Â¾K1846¡A³q·¤£¦A«n¡C l
COBLUMBIA PRESBYTERAIN MC,1499 BEDS¡A CORNELL MC,1451 BEDS¡A27 STORY,1933 l
WAIBLINGEN, SANATORIUM FOR TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS, 1926 SET BACK TERRACES ON SOUTH SIDE |
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CENTRALIZED ¤¤¥¡¦¡-ÂåÀø®Ä²v¡A¸`¬Ù¦¨¥»¡A·P¬V±±¨î l
«æ¶E¡Bªù¶E¡B¯f©Ð¡B¶}¤M¡B¨ÑÀ³¡B¦Ãª« l
¤H©Ê¤Æ¡BÀç¹B¤Æ¡B°Ó«~¤Æ¡B±M¬ì¤Æ |
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MODERN l
POSTMODERN |
PRISONS
|
FUNCTION |
PLANNING |
STYLE |
I ¤¤¤å ¥@ÃÀ ¬ö´_ ¿³ 11TH C- 16TH C. |
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³Ì¦°O¿ý¡G ±Ð·|¡ACLUNNIAC, 11TH C CISTERACIAN, 1206¡GPRISON IN THE ABBEY ¥«¬FÆU-SECULAR PRISONS l
¤åÄm¡GJOHN HOWARD THE STATE OF PRISONS, 1977; APPENDIX, 1788 AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL LAZARETTOS, 1789 ¦D©Ð¡B¦a³Ò¤Î»Åªk: SAMUEL ROMILY(¤HÅv¥D¸qªÌ) l
FILARETE, 1460¡A½Ã¥ÍÆ[©À¡B¨k¤k¡Bªì¥Ç§Y«¥ÇªÌ¤À¶}¡AFONTANA, ªì¥ÇªÌ¡A¦³¿W¥ß´Z©Ò |
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ROUND TOWERS WITH
RADIAL CELLS ¤j©Ð¶¡¡B¤Ö¼Æ¦³¿W¥ß¥}«Ç(CELLS) |
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II °_ »X ¤Î ªñ ¥N 17TH C- 19TH C. |
l GHENT, RADIAL PLAN MAISON DE FORCE AT ACKERGHEM, 1772¡A¨üDESGODTESR, STURM ¼vÅT l HOWARD:³æ¿W¥}¶¡¥H§ïµ½½Ã¥Í¤Î¤HÅv DANCE: NEWGATE PRISON¡A¨üROMANO,PALLADIO ¼vÅT¡A¬üÆ[¦ý¤£¹ê¥Î(MILIZIA:ORDER AND HYGINE)¡ALE DOUX: AIX l PERIPHERY BENTHAM: PANOPTICON PRISON(¤Ö¼Æ) BENTHAM AND BUNCE: WORKOUSE(¾÷¯à¥D¸q), 1797 JEFFORSON: VIRGINIA PRISON, SINGLE CELL(¿W©~), 1797 SOANE: DESIGN FOR A WOMEN¡¦S PRISON, 1782 l RADIAL:GHENT FILARETE¡GOSPEDALE MAGGIORE(¤j¦h¼Æ) HARDWICK: MILLBANK PRISON, LONDON, 1813 HERRMAN: SECOND MOABIT PRISON, BERLIN, 1869 LEBAS: LA PETITE ROQUETTE PRISON, PARIS, 1826 VAUDREMER: LA SANTE PRISON, PRAIS, 1862 ¬ü°ê l ¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¤À¶} AUBURN PRISON¡FSING SING PRISON l ¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¦X¨Ö(19TH C ºÊº»¼Ð·Ç«¬) JOHN HAVILAND¡GEASTERN PENITENTIARY, CHESTNUT HILL l
PAVILLIONWITH TELEPHONE POLE(20TH CºÊº») BLOUET: METTRAY PRISON, 1839 POSSIN: FRESNES PRISON, 1898 |
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RADIAL ©ñ®g«¬ l PERIPHERY ¶gÃ䫬 ¬ü°ê-¿W¥}¦³§U©ó¤Ï¬Ù l
¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¤À¶} ¥}©ÐµLµ¡,¤¤¥¡¬DªÅ¨«¹D¡B«Î³»±Ä¥ú l
¥}©Ð»P¤u¼t¦X¨Ö ¨C¶¡¥}«Ç¦³§N¼ö¤ô DICKENS-WORSE THAN BASTILLE(SUNNY GARDEN) l
PAVILLION WITH TELEPHONE POLE |
l GOTHIC EASTERN PENITENTIARY PRISON l
EGYPTIAN AND ROMAN DICKENS-DIMAL FRONTED PILES OF BASTARD EGYPTIAN |
III ²{¥N 20TH C- |
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PASTEUR/ LISTERµo²{²Óµß¡A§Ü¥Í¯À¤Î®ø¬rªk,1870S¡A³Â¾K1846¡A³q·¤£¦A«n¡C l
COBLUMBIA PRESBYTERAIN MC,1499 BEDS¡A CORNELL MC,1451 BEDS¡A27 STORY,1933 l
WAIBLINGEN, SANATORIUM FOR TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS, 1926 SET BACK TERRACES ON SOUTH SIDE |
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CENTRALIZED ¤¤¥¡¦¡-ÂåÀø®Ä²v¡A¸`¬Ù¦¨¥»¡A·P¬V±±¨î l
«æ¶E¡Bªù¶E¡B¯f©Ð¡B¶}¤M¡B¨ÑÀ³¡B¦Ãª« l
¤H©Ê¤Æ¡BÀç¹B¤Æ¡B°Ó«~¤Æ¡B±M¬ì¤Æ |
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MODERN l
POST MODERN |
Forward ¥»®Ñ¤T¤j¥D¶b;¾÷¯à(ªÀ·|¥v)¡B·®æ(«Ø¿v¥v)¡B³]p¤ÎÀç³y¥v
Railway Stations 1830-1950 ¹ê¥Î©Ê«Ø¿vª«,¨®¯¸¾÷¯à¤£ÅÜ,¦ý·®æ«ùÄò§ïÅÜ
FUNCTION
|
PLANNING |
STYLE |
ÅK¸ô:¥H¾÷¾¹¦b©T©wy¹D¤W¸ü¹B¤H»P³f
(VS. ¤½¸ô¡B¯èªÅ¡B¯è®ü) ÅK¸ô: 16TH
C. ¡A¼w°ê ¡AÄq¨®¦b¤ìªO¤W¹B°eÄq¥Û 16TH ¡V18th C. ¡A^°ê ¡AÄq¨®¦b¤ì/ÅKy¤W¹B°eÄq¥Û 1803, (°¨¨®¨®ÀY)¤½¦@³f¹BÅK¸ô¡B1807, (°¨¨®¨®ÀY)¤½¦@«È¹BÅK¸ô 1801-1825 (»]®ð¾÷¤õ¨®ÀY) ÅK¸ô¸ÕÅç´ÁRichard
Trevithick 1825 George Stephenson ³f¹BÅK¸ôStockton-Darlington 1830 George Stephenson «È¹BÅK¸ô
Liverpool-Manchester¡§Rocket¡¨ 1850¡A2000 MILES IN
ENGLAND¡A1830°_¡A¼vÅT¹M¤Î^°ê¥H¥~,
America 1829¡BRussia 1837,Germany 1835 Sleeping Cars-USA 1865,Underground Railways-London 1863¡AInternational Railways- Oriental Express, 1888¡A¹q°Ê¨®ÀY Siemens & Halske, 1879, Baltimore-Ohio Railroad, 1895 |
||
(14.2 ) Crown St. Station, Liverpool, Liverpool-Manchester
Railroad, 1830 Cambridge
Station, Oxford Station, Nine Elms, London |
¨®¯¸ì«¬: ÅK¹D®Ç¤G¼Ó²©ö¨®¯¸,¤ë¥x¤W¦³¤ì»s¾B«B´× |
Utilitarian Á{®É©Ê«Ø¿v |
(14.1) Euston Propylaea, Philip Hardwick London 1835-39
London-Brimingham Railroad (14.3) Monkwearmouth Station, Brimingham, John Dobson,1848 (14.4) Chester general Station, Francis Thompson, 1847-48 (14.8) London Bridge Station,
Henry Roberts, 1844-45 (14.8) London Bridge Station, Henry Roberts, 1844-45
Munich Station Providence Station, Rhode
Island |
New Castle ¥þ³¡¤ë¥x¦³«B´× |
Grecian-monumental propylae¯«¼q¤J¤fDoric ·s¥@¥N¡A«n¤½¦@«Ø¿vª« Classical Classical Italianate, campanile Early Christian, Italian Romanesque Bavarian |
Later 19th c. (14.5,6) New Castle Station, John Dobson, 1846-55 (14.13) Eastern Station, Budapest Station 1881-84 (14.19) Zurich Station, 1865-71 - |
|
Cinquecento ^°ê«n³¡¤Ó´ä¥« Cinquecento+Baroque |
Later 19th c. (14.7)New Market Station,1848 (14.20) First Grand Central Station, New York (14.18) Armstel Station, Armsterdam, 1881-89,
Cuijpers (14.21) Central Station, Milan, 1925-31, |
Pavilion roof |
Baroque19th «á¥b¸¨®¯¸«Ø¿v¥Dn·®æ French renaissance French renaissance Neo Baroque ( Emergence of Modernism) |
(14.15) Brunswick Station, 1838 (14.15) Temple Meads Station, Bristol, 1839-40 (14.15) St.Pancras Station, London, 186960-69 |
|
l
Gothic St.Pancras: largest span for train shed, |
(14.10) Leipzig Station 1840-44 (14.11) Gare de l¡¦Est, Paris 1847-52, Duquesney (14.12) Kings Cross Station, 1851-52, Cubitt (14.14) Gare du Nord, Paris,
Hittorff 1861-65 |
Lunette /Arcade Windows at end of vaulted train shed Clock ¨®¯¸»P¤ë¥x¦X¤@ |
King¡¦s Cross:Fitness for its purpose and characteristic expression of that purpose Gare du Nord: Beaux Arts ¡V ¡§a scandal¡¨, Burkehardt, |
Freaks¡G Short¡A Egyptian ¡FSylva¡A Seville Station¡AMoorish (14.9) New Heaven Station, Henry Austin, 1848-50 |
|
Egyptian/Chinese/Moorish |
(13.18) Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Richardson (14.23) Union Station, St. Louis, Link and Cameron Grand Central Chicago, Gilbert (14.22) Union Station, Washington D.C., Burnham
Grand Central II/Pennsylvania Station, New York |
Concourse vs. train shed ¨®¯¸»P¤ë¥x¤ÀÂ÷ |
19th¬ü°ê¤½¦@«Ø¿v·®æ l Near Romanesque l Classical Revival |
(14.24) Karlsruhe Station, 1906-13 (14.25) Leipzig Hauptbahnhof, 1906-15 (14.27) Helsinki Station, Saarinen (14.26) Basel, Badischer Bahnhof, 1912-13 (14.28) Florence Station,Italy, 1934-36 (14.29) Stazione Termini, Rome 1951 |
Broken Gable Cantilevered RC Vienna Sucession Double curved roof |
Modernism |
FACTORIES
FUNCTION |
PLANNING |
STYLE |
|
¤u¼t:¥H¾÷¾¹¤j¶q»s³y¤u·~¤Æ²£«~ªº¤j«¬«Ø¿vª« Manu: ¤â¤u Factor¡G³f«~¥æ©ö³B¡A¨Ñ¦í°ÓÀxÂ䧥ΡC Fondaco,
Filarete, design for a market, 1460 a
wharehouse, a wholesale market and living accommodation ¦L¨ê¼t¡ANuremburg¡A1493,©v±Ð§ï²¡C Antwerp¡A1550-1600, 100 workers¡C Tapistry makers ¬Ó®a´ÀAµeGobelins-Henri IV¡AColvert-Louis XIV, 1667 Porcelin workers°ê®a³³²¡¼t¡C l
§Î¦¡¡G¨p¤H¤u¼t¡A¹ê¥Î¥D¸q¬°¥D¡A·¥¤Ö¾ú¥v·²¡AUtilitarian¡AClock and cupola Blondel¡A1771¡A simple and solid, and proud, in the periphery of a town by a
river¡A°Ê¤O/¤u¤H l
³X´¼tsilk-wool-cotton¡A¹«~¼t¡A¾÷±ñ¼t¡B¤Æ¤u¼t l
ºc³y:¿j¤ì³y¡B¿û³y¡BRC¡A
¥~Æ[, brick¬°¥D,cast iron facade, 1849,
Bogardous, New York |
|||
l
¤j«¬¤â¤uÃÀ¤u¼t¡AµL¾÷¾¹°Ê¤O (17.1)Royal Porcelain Factory¡ASerres¡A1753-56¡A425 ft (17.2)Tobacco Factory¡ASeville¡A1728-70¡A480 ft |
|
Italian Renaissance ¤½¦@«Ø¿v |
|
l
¤u·~²©R¡B¬ì¾Çµo®i¥v¡B·Ò¿ûªº°_·½¡B³X´¾÷ªº°_·½ 1709, Darby,¥H·ÑÁå¿û¡B1746 Huntdman ©XÄlÁå¿û,1733,Kay¸±ô½ü¡B1764, Hargreaves, spping
jenny, 1765, Watt»]®ð¾÷¡B1781, Watt, ÁçÄl¡B1775, Arkwight ¤ô½ü¡B1785,¡@Cartwight ³X´¾÷¡B1765 five million tons of
coal¡A1785 ten million tons of coal¡A 1813 2000 power looms¡A1850, 250000 power looms 1781²Ä¤@®yÅK¾ô¢Ñ¢÷¢é¢ô¢ê¢ú¢÷¢÷¢ó¢ì¢é¢ô¢í¡@¢Ð¢ú¢ñ¢ì¢ï¢í¡C (17.10) Shingkels sketch of Manchester Mill,
1826¡A 40 bays, 8F, ª¬Æ[ l
µo©ú®a¤Î¹ê·~®a-Richard Arkwight¡ACarlyle
: Malthus¡¦s
Principles of Population¡A¤H¤f½×¡C Dr. Aiking¡G´dºGªÀ·|¡Aµ£¤u,¡@Manchester-·ÏÃú°gº©ªº»êż«°¥« Reformer-Robert Owen¡¨ A New View of Society¡¨
Charles Fourier¡ALe Doux John Wood¡B Trafford ¡BEbzner Howard, Tony Garnier, Le Corbusier Dr. Granville¡A¹ê·~®a,New Lanark Mill, New
Harmony, Indiana¡C l
^°ê¤u·~«°¥«ªºµo®i (17.12) Lanark Mill, Robert Owen (17.15) ¡§Village of Cooperation¡¨¡A Robert
Owen ¡A1816 (17.16) Saltaire, Titus Salts mill, 820
houses, 1851 |
Schinkel¡¦s visit to England 1826«P¶i¼w°ê¤u·~µo®i ^°ê¤u·~²©R«á¡A²£¥Í¤j¶q¤u¼t¡A 1796-1803,¥X²{¤u¼t(manufactory)¦Wµü ¡A쬰mill¡CSir Price: ¤u¼t¤ÓÁà¡Aµøı¦Ã¬V |
|
|
l
¦´Á¤u¼t Cloth Mill-van Robais, Middleburg in Holland Abbyville France, 1665 (17.4) Silk Mill- Lumbe, Derby, ¤ô¤O, 300 workers, 1717 (17.3) Wool Mill, Linz, Austria, 1722-26,¾n¼tÂå¥Í,°h¥ðª÷¨î«× (17.6) Textile printing factory, Ryhiner, Basel, France, 1751, (17.5) Rotes Haus, Monschau, Germany, employed 4000 workers¡A1756 |
|
Utilitarian Chimeny, Gable Clock and cupola Basel-country house¡A |
|
l
^°ê¤u¼tµo®i¥v- Derby Mills l
«D¨¾¤õ¤u¼t¡G²Ä¤@®ycotton spinning mill¡A Arkwight¡FCromford 1771 (17.8) Masson Mill, Cromford¡A1783,
Brick wall and wood frame, 6F (17.9) Samuel Oldknow' Mill, Marple, 1790 l
²Ä¤@®y¨¾¤õ¤u¼t¡AWilliam Strutt¡A1793¡AMill at Darby, 1795 at Belper¡G¿û¬W¡Giron pillars and wood
floor on shallow brick arches.6F, 115 ft. water wheel¡C l
²Ä¤@®y¿ûºc¤u¼t ¿û¼Ù:Charles Bages,Outer walls are
still load bearing. thinner©Ó«Àð®ø¥¢ªº°_·½ (17.11)
Bage¡¦s flour mill, Ditherington, Shrewsbury,1796 Sadford Mill, 1801¡A¤¤ªÅ¿û¬W¥i¨Ñ·x®ð¤Î1805 ¸Ë·Ñ®ð¿O |
¿ûºc¼t©Ð¸û¤ìºc¼t©Ð¨¾¤õ¡A¶}©l¥Î¿û¬WAlbion Mill¡ALondon¡A1791 Fire 1797«á¡A¿ûºc¤u¼t¤j¶q²£¥Í¡A¿û¼Ù¿û¬W¤j¶q¹B¥Î¦Ü¼t©Ð¥H¥~1826 British Museum¥Î¿û¼Ù¡A¤j¸ó¶Z¡A¨¾¤õ¡A¬I¤u§Ö¡A¦ý¤ÓÁà |
(17.32)John Marshall¡¦s Temple Mill at Leeds- Egyptian, 1840 (17.35)Templeton carpet factory- Gothic, Glasgow, 1892 |
|
l
¬ü°ê¤u¼tªºµo®i(¨ä¥L°ê®a¤u¼tµo®i¥v¤£§¹¾ã) ¬ü°ê¤u·~¤Æ¸û¼Ú³°§ó¦¡A¤ñ^°ê±ß20-50¦~ Charles
Dickens-1841, Lowell, clean mills with fresh air Virtulon Rich-1832, Pittsburg,
Manchester of the west l
Lowell,¡@Massachusetts Bevery
Mill-²Ä¤@®y¤u¼t¦³ spinning machine, 1787,
Waltham Mill-²Ä¤@®y¤u¼t¦³power loom, 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell
Marrimack manufacturing company ¡V 41 bays, 5F, 1848, ª¬Æ[
Lippitt Mill, Rhode Island-²Ä¤@®y¿û¬W¤u¼t,1848 (17.18) Cohoes N.Y. Harmony Mill, 1872, 1185 ft. 5F (17.19) Lawrence Mill, Bay State Mill, Massachusetts,
1846 (17.20) Manchester, N.H. Amoskeag Mill, 1838, »s³y»]®ð¾÷ |
John Coolidge¡¨Mill and Mansion¡¨ New England Textile Mill Survey Housing with factories |
Utilitarian Chimeny,Gable Clock and Cupola |
|
l
¼Ú³°¦U°ê¤u¼tªºµo®i l
ªk°ê¡Q(17.25-26) Ledoux, Royal Salt works at
Chaux, 1776 l
¼w°ê¡QBrugelmann(17.17-28) ratingen, Cromford
textile mill, 1784 l ·N¤j§Q¡G¾÷©Ð¡A®ø¨¾¯¸¡A©â¤ô¯¸;campanile¡F(17.36,37) |
Tuscan columns carrying a pediment Neo-classical |
(17.33) Fecamp Liqueur, 1900 -French Gothic to early
Renaissance |
|
(17.38) Menier chololate factory, iron skeleton, 1871 (17.39) Charles six spinning mill at Tourcoing,
Hennebique, RC 1895 (17.43) Berlin, AEG turbine factory, Peter Behrens,
1910 (17.41) Alfled, Fagus Shoe factory, 1911, Gropius and
Meyer (17.44) Rotterdam, tobacco factory, Brinkmann and
Vlucht, 1929 (17.46) Bologna, State Tobacco factory, Nervi, 1952 |
1883 La Baron Jenny, Home
Insurance Bldg, fire-proof steel skeleton ¡Bfaçade |
Modernism Expressionism Structural Rationalism |
|
A PARALLEL
HISTORY
l
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²Ä¤@´É¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó(Skyscrapers) ¦r·½:¦|²î®é§ý³»ºÝ¤§¤T¨¤§Î¤pºX
1883¡G ²£ª««OÀI¤j¼Ó(Home Insurance
Bldg)¡AWilliam Le
Baron Jenny, Chicago,
ºc³y:¹q±è¡B¤Q¼h¿ûºc(¿û»PűÅK)¡B¥~À𬰿jÀð¤Î¥Û§÷¡C
¥~Æ[:¥j¨å¥D¸q( Italian
palazzo)¡B°ò®y¡B¤ô¥¾î±a¡B³»¼Ó¬WÄæ¡B¿jÀð¤À³Î½u
³]p²z©À¡G(1)lighter structure(2)metropolitan
image(3)panoramic view (5)advanced technology(elevator¡B
(6)alienation to surroundings¡Ba city by itself
®É¥NI´º: (1)Chicago1871¦~¤j¤õ¡A¨a«á««Ø¤Î¨¾¤õ»Ý¨D(2)¹q±è¤Î½Æ¼h¿ûºc¬[§Þ³Nµo®i(3)¬ü°ê¸ê¥»¥«³õ½´«kµo®i(4)»Ý¶°¤¤¥æ©ö(5)³£¥«¦a»ù©ù¶Q(6)©Ð¦a²£§ë¾÷¦¨ªø¡B¶U´Ú¨î«×²£¥Í(6)µL°ª«×¤Î«Ø¿v±¿nºÞ¨î¡B§Q¼íµL
Chicago
1888¡GTacoma Bldg. William Holabird and Martin Roche, Chicago¡G¿jÀðÅÜÁ¡¡A°ª«×ÀH¤§¼W¥[
1889: McNally Bldg. William Holabird and Martin
Roche, Chicago¡G¥þ¿ûºc³y
1891¡GMonadnock Bldg. Daniel Burnham and John Root, Chicago¡G¤Q¤»¼h¡B¶Ç²Î¿j³y
1892: Masonic Temple. Daniel Burnham and John
Root, Chicago¡G¤G¤Q¤@¼h¡A100 m¡Apanoramic view
1895: Reliance Bldg. Daniel Burnham and John Root,
Chicago¡G¥~Àð¥þ¬°¬Á¼þ
New York
1875¡GTribune Bldg. Richard Morris Hunt, Chicago¡G²Ä¤@®y¨Ï¥Î¹q±èªº°Ó·~¤j¼Ó
1885: ¦Û¥Ñ¤k¯«¹³¡AGustave Eiffel¡B¿ûºc§Þ³N
1888: Leroy Buffington¡B¤G¤Q¤K¼h¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó¡BCloudsrapers
1888: Guarantee Bldg. Dankmar Adler and Louis
Sullivan, New York¡Garchetype of
modern office bldg.
1889: Bradford Gilbert¡B¤Q¤@¼h¤j¼Ó
1891: Boston Daily News: Skyscrapers¦r²´º«×¥X²{
l
¼vÅT
Skyscrapers ¦b§Þ³N¤W¤@¥¹ÃÒ©ú¥i¦æ¡A´N¥ß¨è¦¨¬°¬ü°ê(1880-1929)¸ê¥»¥D¸qªº©Ð¦a²£§ë¸ê¥«³õ³Ì¨Î§ë¸ê¤u¨ã¡A¦b¤j«°¥«¤¤¤j¨üÅwªï¡A¬ü°ê¸ûµL¾ú¥v¥]µö¡A¥i§Ö³t±µ¨ü·s¨Æª«¡C¼Ú¬w¤H¦b¤å¤Æ¤W¡B¬ü¾Ç¤WµLªk§Ö³t»{¦PSkyscrapers¡A¨Ò¦pEiffel Tower¤§¿ûºc³y¦bParis¸g¹L70-80¦~Å׳Q»{¦P¡C¦ý³¡¥÷¬ü°ê¤H¤´¹ïSkyscrapers¾B¾×µó¹D¶§¥ú·P¨ì¼~¼{¡ASkyscrapers¥²¶·°hÁY¡Aset back¦¨¬°20¥@¬ö«Ø¿vªk¥O¥Dn¨Ó·½¤§¤@¡C¥xÆW«Ø½ª²v®É´Á¡G«Øª«°ª«×=±«e¹D¸ô¼e«×x1.5+6m¡C®e¿n²v®É´Á¡G«Øª«°ª«×=1;3.6¡C¥x¥_¥«¦í¦v°Ï«Øª«°ª«×=1;1.5¡C
1916: New York building zone regulation¡A°ª«×²{¨î¡B¤À°ÏºÞ¨î¡B¥ß±ºÞ¨î¡BªþÄݳ]¬IºÞ¨î¡B®e¿n¼úÀy (¼s³õ)
1893: Chicago Bldg Ht. 40m
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¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼ÓªºªÀ·|¤Î¤å¤Æ·N²[
¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¦a¼Ð§@¥Î¡B±R°ª¤Æ(A Cathedral of Commerce)
1913: Woolworth Bldg.¡AGothic
1931: Empire State Bldg.
1933: Rockefeller Center
¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¼s§i«Å¶Ç®ÄªG¡B¥H¹q¤Oªí²{¤Ñ»Ú½u¡B¬ü°ê¤H¹ïtowerªº±R«ô
1930: Chrysler Bldg. Art Deco¡AExpressionism
1932: Philadelphia Saving Fund Society
¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¬Fªv«Å¶Ç®ÄªG
1953: Moscow University¡ARussian Constructivism
¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº«Ø¿v·N¶H¤Î»y·J
1950s; Modernism
1980s: Post Modernism
MODERN TIMES
l
ªÛ¥[ô½×¾Â³ø¤j¼ÓÄv¹Ï1922
º¼úRaymond Hood and John Mead Howells-Gothic, ¬ü°êºq¼w¦¡¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó (1913-1922)
²Ä¤G¦W Eliel Saarinen; sculpted mass, taping, geometric
forms, set back, monumentality, modern idiom
Archetype
of American skyscrapers:
Radiator Bldg.
Raymond Hood, 1924
Daily News
Bldg. Raymond Hood,1931
Barcaly-Vesey
Bldg. 1926
State Empire
Bldg. 1931
¼Ú¬w«Ø¿v®v¹ï¬ü°êªº¼vÅT
1923, Skyscrapers as solutions to Housing
Problem ¡V Wendingen, °ª¼h¶°¦X¦í¦v
1924, Glass
skyscrapers¡¨ Mies van de Rohe¡A§¹¥þ²{¥N¥D¸qªºª÷Äݱc¹õ¤j¼Ó
1925, Auguste Perret,
observation tower in Grenoble, §¹¥þ¿ûµ¬²V¾®¤g°ª¶ð
Walter Gropius, Harvard
1937¡FMoholy-Nagy,
New Bauhaus, Chicago, 1937¡A
Mies
van de Rohe, IIT, 1938,¡A¶}±Ò¬ü°êBauhaus«Ø¿v±Ð¨|
¦U°êSkyscrapersªºµo®i
1952,
Torre Latinamericana, Mexico City, 182 m. ©Ô¤B¬ü¬w²Ä¤@®y°ª¼h«Ø¿v
1932,Boerentoren,
Antwerp, 85 m¡A¼Ú¬w²Ä¤@®y°ª¼h«Ø¿v
1948-60, Auguste
Perret, Tour Perret, Amiens, France¡A©~¥Á¦Ü1960Å×±µ¨ü°ª¼h¶°¦X¦í¦v
1958 Torre
Velasca, Milan, BBBR, °ª¼h«Ø¿vª«ªº¹Ï¹³¤Î¬ö©À·N¸q
Mies van der Rohe
²¼ä,¯Â²b,ºë·Ç²Ó³¡,©â¶H,²z©Ê¤Î³q¥Î©Ê-«Ø¿vµL½×Ãþ«¬¡A³£À³¨ã¦³¬Û¦Pì«h¡C1947-1948¡A
Chicagoªº¤Q¥|´É°ª¼h«Ø¿v¡A¥]¬AResidential Towers in
Chicago,¬ü°ê°ª¼h¶°¦X¦í¦v
Seagram
Bldg. New York, Archetype of American skyscrapers with q plaza: 1961¦~¶}©ñªÅ¶¡ªk
SOM Lever House:New York , 1951, 1930¬ü°ê¤µ¿Ä¦M¾÷¤Î¤G¾Ô«á¬ü°ê²{¥N¥D¸q¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº¥¿¦¡´_µd
¬ü°ê²{¥N¥D¸q«Ø¿v¥ýÅX, ±c¹õ¤j¼Ó·N¶H,¥]¯E´µ¬ü¾ÇÆ[, Miesªº German pavilion in
Barcelona
¶}©ñªÅ¶¡¥ýÅX(¦ý³]p¤£¨}¤£¯à¥Î)¡A«Ø¿vª«°t¸m¤£´L«µó¹D¥ß±©µÄò©Ê
Äò¶°¤£¦pº¬M¶°ºëªö¡A²_¬°§Î¦¡
EARTH AND SKY
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Skyscrapersªº¥~Æ[·N²[
Aldof Loos ªº¤Ï¿Ø¡ASkyscrapers ¬O¥j¨å¬W¦¡ªºª½±µ´_¥j¼Ò¥é
1888: Guarantee Bldg. Dankmar Adler and Louis
Sullivan, New York¡Garchetype of
modern office bldg.
¬W¦(Base)¡B¬W¨(Shaft)¡B¬WÀY(Capital)¡B³»½u½L(a frieze at entablature level surmounted
by a wide projecting cornice)-¾A¦X20¼h¥H¤U¡C20¼h¥H¤W-Campanile¤Î set
back bldg.-¦a¼Ð©Ê¤ÎÀJ¶ì©Ê¡CTripartite formula, two focal
points-base¸s¼Ó¤Îsummit¦y³»¡C¸s¼Ó»P³£¥«¯¾²z¤Î¬¡°Ê®§®§¬ÛÃö¡A¦y³»¬O³£¥«¤Ñ»Ú½uªº¤@Àô¡C¨ã¦³¦a¼Ð©Ê¤ÎÁô³ë(metaphor)·N²[¡C
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Public area¤½¦@°Ï°ì-the Base
1925¤§Chicago Tribune, ¤½¦@°Ï°ì¦ì©ó³»¼Ó¡C1930¤§New York Daily News, ¤½¦@°Ï°ì¦ì©ó¤@¼Ó¡C
Art Deco ®É´Á¡A§ó«µø¤½¦@°Ï°ì¡CChrysler
Bldg(1930). Empire State Bldg(1931). Field Bldg.(1934)
¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó¦b¬ö©À©Ê¡B¸Ë¹¢©Ê¤W§óª`«¤½²³©Ê¡C
1970S, John Portman; atrium type hotel¡C
Philip Johnson and John Burgee¡GIDS Center in Minneapolis¡C
Times Square, Crossroads in Shibuya, Tokyo
Rockefeller Center, Seagram Bldg. ¤j¼Ó«á°h¼W¥[³zµø®ÄªG¡A¼s³õ¼W¥[¬ö©À©Ê¡C
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¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Óªº«Ø¿v·N¶H¤Î»y·J
¯Ã¬ù¥@¶T¤j¼Ó¦¨¬°Manhattanªºªù¤á¶H¼x¡C
SOM-Richard Keating(Houston)¡ATexas Commerce Center¡A©·§Îtympanum(¤sÀ𪺤T¨¤±)¡A¥¨§Î¤è®Ø¦¨¬°Dallas Cityªº¤J¤f·N¶H¡C
1983¡AAT & T Bldg.²Ä¤@®yPost Modern ¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó¡CHelmut Jahn, Kevin Roche,
Cesar pelli, Michael Graves, KPF, Ricardo Bofill, IM Pei, SOM-David Child(New
York), SOM-Adrian Smith(Chicago)¡C
¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼Ó¹³¤@¦±¼Ö³¹-Cass Gilbert
Transamerica¡A¦y³»¦V¤WµL©µ¦ù¡C
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Tech equipment«Ø¿v³]³Æ-the Summit
«Ø¿v³]³Æ:¹q±è¾÷©Ð¡B±Æ®ð¤f¡BÁ×¾_¾¹¡B¤ô½c¡B³q°T¥x§¡¦ì©ó³»¼Ó¡C
Æ[¥ú¥Î³~:¼s§iµP¡BÁA±æ¥x¡B±ÛÂàÀ\ÆU¡B¬ö©À«~©±§¡¦ì©ó³»¼Ó¡C
¤ß²z§@¥Î¡G³¾Àý¹Ï(bird¡¦s eye view)¥iÁÀý¤@¤Á´ºª«¡A¨S¦³¾¸µ¡B¯ä¨ý¤Î¦MÀI¡AÁÀý¥iÅý¤H¸r¼}¡B²z¸Ñ¤Î²£¥Í¦Û«H¡Cµn¤W¼¯¤Ñ¤j¼ÓÅý¤H²£¥u¦³¹Ú¤Û¤¤¥i·P¨ü¨ìªºÄß©È¡B±R°ª¡Bº¡¨¬µ¥¤£¦P·Pı¡C
THE HEIGHTS OF
THCHNOLOGY
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Skyscrapers»P¬ì§ÞªºÃö«Y
1870¹q±è¡B¹q¤O¡B¤é¥ú¿O¡B°ª¼h¨¾¤õ¡B°k¥Í¡B¥Ñ¨ä¬Oµ²ºc-§Ü·¤O¤Î§Ü¦a¾_¤O³]p
·¤O»P°ª«×¥¤è®Ú¦¨¥¿¤ñ¡B¦a¾_¦a»P«Ø¿vª«¦Û«¦¨¥¿¤ñ
Frame Load
Bearing Core
Truss at Periphery
Tube
1972,World Trade Center, New York, 415 m, ¶gÃäºò±K¤p¼Ù¬W¡ACentral Core
John Hancock Center, Chicago, Trussed Tube
1977, City Corp, New York, Triangular Truss,
damping system(Á×¾_)
Tube in Tube
Sears Tower, Chicago, Bundle Tubes
Triangular Tubes, 500 floors, one mile, Robert
Sobel, Houston (not built)
Millennium Tower, Tokyo, 840m, 1/2 mile, Norman
Foster (not built)
1880s, Rigid Frame (Ductile Moment Resisting
Frame)ªº§Þ³N¨ÏSkyscrapers»\¦Ü¬ù30¼h
Frame
+Shear Truss¥i»\¦Ü¬ù40¼h¡ABelt Truss¥i»\¦Ü¬ù60¼h¡C
1960s, Framed Tubeªº§Þ³N¨ÏSkyscrapers»\¦Ü¬ù¬ù80¼h¡ATruss Tube + interior
columns¥i»\¦Ü¬ù100¼h¡ABundled Tube¥i»\¦Ü¬ù120¼h¡ATruss Tube w/o interior
columns¥i»\¦Ü¬ù140¼h¡C
¸ê®Æ:Charles Jencks,
Skysrapers - Skycities Rizzoli, 1980
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(1)¸gÀÙ Economics (2)¬ü¾ÇAesthetics (3)Àô¹Ò Environment (4)¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡ Life Styles (5)¬ì§Þ Technology¡ASkyscrapers¬O¤W¶}¦]¯Àªº·¥Pªí²{
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Concrete vs., Steel
¤£¦P¤å¤Æ¹ï§÷®Æªº°¾¦n¡G¬ü°ê-Steel,Áå¿û·~µo¹F¡BÀç³y·~¸û±M·~¡F ¨È¬w-Concrete,
Concrete»Ý¤j¶q¤H¤u¡A¤ôªd¥i´N¦a¨ú±o¡A¦ý¤£§Q©óÀô«O¡C
µ²ºc¡GConcrete¥i§ÜÀ£¤O¡A¾A¦X§@¬°¬W¤l¡A²¤OÀð¥ç¥i¼W¥[µ²ºc«l«×¡A¦ý¦]¦a¾_¤O¤Î¬I¤u¨î¡AConcrete¤£§Q©ó¶W°ª¼h«Ø¿v¡C
Concrete¨¾µ©Ê°ª¡B¨¾¤õ©Ê°ª¡B¾A¦X¶°¦X¦í¦v¡B®ÈÀ]¡C
°ª±j«×²V¾®¤gµo©ú«á¡A¢ÑONCRET-STEEL¤uªk¤w¦X¨Ö¨Ï¥Î¡ACore¬°Concrete,©PÃ䬰Steel¡C
½G°ª©Ê¼¯¤Ñ¼Ó©¼¦¹¬Û³s¡A¼W¥[§Ü¤ô¥¤O¡C¿ì¤½«Çªu¤¤®x¥|©P°t¸m¡A¦³§Q©ó±Ä¥ú¡C
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¹q±è:Double Decker¡BSky-lobby
1853¡GOtis¹q±èµo©úªÌ¡A1857: ²Ä¤@®y¸ü«È¹q±è
1870¡GEquitable Bldg.²Ä¤@®y¨Ï¥Î¹q±èªº¿ì¤½¤j¼Ó
1875¡GTribune Bldg. Richard Morris Hunt, Chicago¡G²Ä¤@®y¨Ï¥Î¹q±èªº°Ó·~¤j¼Ó
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